Digital media inequalities: Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination

292 Pages·2019·2.52 MB·English

by  Josef Trappel (Ed.)

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INEQUALITIES are the unwanted companions of media and communication. D
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Tradi tional analogue mass media were criticized for creating inequalities by IN
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being biased, serving hegemonic interests, and accumulating far too much power A
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in the hands of mighty industrial conglomerates. Under the digital regime, most IE
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inequalities survived, and new ones occurred. Knowledge gaps transformed into
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digital divides, news journalism is challenged by social networking sites, and IES DIGITAL MEDIA
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global corporate monopolies outperform national media companies. Algorith- A
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mic selection, surveillance, Big Data and the Internet of Things are creating new T
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inequalities which follow traditional patterns of class, gender, wealth and educa- ID
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tion. This book revisits old and new media and communication inequalities in , D
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times of digital transition. It has been written in a collective effort by the members R IN EQUALITIES
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of THE EUROMEDIA RESEARCH GROUP. A
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IO POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES,
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University of Gothenburg .)
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BN 978- 789188 DICO DICO 1
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DIGITAL MEDIA INEQUALITIES

DIGITAL MEDIA
POLICIES AGAINST DIVIDES,
DISTRUST AND DISCRIMINATION
JOSEF TRAPPEL (ed.)
NORDICOM
Digital Media Inequalities
Policies against divides, distrust and discrimination
Josef Trappel (ed.)
© Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual
contributors; Nordicom 2019
ISBN 978-91-88855-10-7 (print)
ISBN 978-91-88855-11-4 (pdf)
The publication is also available as open access at www.nordicom.gu.se
Published by:
Nordicom
University of Gothenburg
Box 713
SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG
Sweden
Cover by: Per Nilsson
Printed by: Ale Tryckteam AB, Bohus, Sweden, 2019
Contents
Preface 7
1. Josef Trappel
Inequality, (new) media and communications 9
2. Denis McQuail
Equality – an ambiguous value 31
3. Hannu Nieminen
Inequality, social trust and the media.
Towards citizens’ communication and information rights 43
4. Jeremy Tunstall
Scale economies and international communications inequality, 1820-2020 67
5. Stylianos Papathanassopoulos & Ralph Negrine
Political communication, digital inequality and populism 79
6. Barbara Thomass
Economic inequality, appraisal of the EU and news media 95
7. Péter Bajomi-Lázár
Inequality in the media and the “Maslow pyramid” of journalistic needs
in Central and Eastern Europe 113
8. Judit Bayer
The illusion of pluralism.
Regulatory aspects of equality in the new media 127
9. Leen d’Haenens, Willem Joris & Quint Kik
The missing link.
Blind spots in Europe’s local and regional news provision 141
10. Claudia Padovani, Karin Raeymaeckers & Sara De Vuyst
Transforming the news media.
Overcoming old and new gender inequalities 159
11. Jeanette Steemers
Invisible children.
Inequalities in the provision of screen content for children 179
12. Elena Vartanova & Anna Gladkova
New forms of the digital divide 193
13. Tristan Mattelart, Stylianos Papathanassopoulos & Josef Trappel
Information and news inequalities 215
14. Hallvard Moe
Why free news matters for social inequality.
Comparing willingness to pay for news in the Nordic region 229
15. Auksė Balčytienė & Kristina Juraitė
Representation, participation and societal well-being.
Addressing inequality in agency in Europe 245
16. Werner A. Meier
Towards a policy for digital capitalism? 265
Contributors 285
Preface
When members of the Euromedia Research Group convened in Lisbon in November
2014 for the group’s 56th meeting, they were invigorated by the preceding ECREA Con-
ference, and pleased that the group had successfully delivered the manuscript of Media
in Crisis to the publisher (Routledge) only a few weeks earlier (Trappel, Steemers, &
Thomass, 2015). At that meeting, we all knew that something had changed. Starting
from the research interest of the members and judging by the rapid changes in the field
of media and communication, a critical observation was shared: digitalisation is not just
about transforming the media and communications business; its social implications
run far deeper than Silicon Valley pundits would have people across the globe believe.
The following debate quickly generated new research questions about: “inequali-
ties of the media in Europe”. The group met a further seven times to explore further
common understandings of observed inequalities in the existing media landscape and
the emerging digitally transformed media world. In each of these meetings, members
presented concepts and draft chapters for a future book. Along the way, the group
struggled to develop a common understanding of the numerous strands in which
media inequalities occur. It became clear that the scholarly and dominating discourse
on inequalities, focusing either on wealth and income, or on race, class and gender, is
not always sufficient to understand the variety and diversity of inequalities in media
and communication.
Denis McQuail, the late Honorary President of the group, delivered his thoughts
on equality and the media in a discussion paper, which became a crucial reference
document for further work. Although his health did not allow him to participate
in group meetings at that point, he revised his draft after receiving comments from
our meetings. His chapter in this volume is his (unfinished) manuscript, slightly and
carefully edited, based on handwritten notes he left after he passed away on 25th June
2017. We thank Denis’ daughter, Rachel, for sharing these notes with us. All other
chapters of this volume refer to Denis’ work in some way.
The group is deeply grateful for Denis’ intellectual and personal contributions over
the entire life span of the Euromedia Research Group, of which he became a founding
7
PREFACE
member in March 1982. Tribute is also paid by his many friends and collaborators in
the European Journal of Communication, Vol. 32 (6) 2017.
The April 2018 group meeting in Bergen, Norway marked the final approval of the
book’s manuscript. Chapters had gone through an (in some cases lengthy) in-depth
process of peer-reviewing by other group members, facilitating critical debates, which
were often more rigorous and thorough than in a blind peer-reviewing exercise. Some
of the chapters have been considerably altered by this discursive process, which also
included debates in the plenary sessions of the group as well as individual reviews.
Chapter authors appreciated the opportunity to engage with their reviewers in a
dialogue that contributed to a better understanding of the underlying themes of the
volume.
Because of this re-iterating review process, the book is more than just another
edited volume; it represents the collective efforts of the Euromedia Reseach Group,
although each chapter has its own authors. As in other books by the group (recently
d’Haenens, Sousa, & Trappel, 2018; for more information, see www.euromediagroup.
org), a number of guest authors have also contributed: Judit Bayer, Anna Gladkova, Wil-
lem Joris, Kristine Juraitė, Quint Kik, Ralph Negrine, and Sara de Vuyst. Many thanks!
The group is particularly thankful to Nordicom, its publisher, for their excellent
work in publishing this book in an open access format, which is most appreciated,
and gives all access in the spirit of equality.
Josef Trappel, for the Euromedia Research Group
Salzburg, September 2018
References:
D’Haenens, L., Sousa, H. & Trappel, J. (eds.) (2018). Comparative media policy, regulation and governance
in Europe: Unpacking the policy cycle. Bristol: Intellect.
Trappel, J., Steemers, J. & Thomass, B. (eds.) (2015). European media in crisis: Values, risks and policies.
London, New York: Routledge. (Paperback edition 2017)
8