Digital Communications Test & Measurement

975 Pages·2007·28.824 MB·English

by  Dennis Derickson, Marcus Muller

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
TEST AND MEASUREMENT

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
TEST AND MEASUREMENT
High-Speed Physical Layer
Characterization
Dennis Derickson and
Marcus Müller, Editors
Dennis Derickson, California Polytechnic State University
Marcus Müller, Agilent Technologies
Ransom Stephens, www.ransomnotes.com
James Prettyleaf, Finisar
Mark Guenther, Tektronix
Kalev Sepp, Tektronix
Kan Tan, Tektronix
Greg LeCheminant, Agilent Technologies
Peter Andrekson, Chalmers University of Technology
Mathias Westlund, Chalmers University of Technology
Jim Stimple, Agilent Technologies
Michael Fleischer-Reumann, Agilent Technologies
Ernest Bergmann, Circadiant Systems
Joey Thompson, Circadiant Systems
Eugene Mayevskiy, Tektronix
Dimitry Smolyanskiy, Tektronix
Doug Yates, Agilent Technologies
Mike Li, Altera Corporation
Rainer Plitschka, Agilent Technologies
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Derickson, Dennis.
Digital communications test and measurement : high-speed physical layer
characterization / Dennis Derickson and Marcus Müller.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-220910-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Digital communications—Measurement . I. Muller, Marcus. II. Title.
TK5103.7.D465 2007
621.382—dc22
2007033849
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission
must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in
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missions, write to:
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Project Editor: Lara Wysong
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Indexer:The CIP Group
Proofreader: Linda Begley
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-220910-6
Composition: The CIP Group
ISBN-10: 0-13-220910-1
Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Westford, Massachusetts.
First printing, December 2007
The authors would like to acknowledge the support
and love of their close friends and family:
Sara, Dagmar, Sigrid, Gudrun, James, Ella, Sabine, Gerda, Peter, Lina,
Tim, Heather, Karen, Mom, Stacy, Uncle Sherman, Claudette, Catherine
Michelle, Lynsley, Matthias, Janne, Anna-Liisa, Qingdong, Renée, Daniel,
Matthew, Stacy, Jalyn, Thomas, Jacob, Merike, Sandra Martin, Jenny,
Teresa, Derek, Chelsea, Nolan, Ellen, Ulli, Rita, Jed, Molly, Gus, Finn,
Cosmo, Marianne, Dominique, Gabrielle, Marcel, Yelena, Sofiya,
Violetta, Mercia, Eric, George, Gordon, Paul, Charlotte, Travis, Amanda,
Karma, Mary, Hannelore, Arne, Jan, and Till
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Contents
Preface xxi
About the Authors xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxiii
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Digital Communications Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 System Architectures 2
1.2.1 Synchronous Systems 2
1.2.2 Source Synchronous Systems 6
1.2.3 Source Synchronous Systems with Double Data Rate 7
1.2.4 Forwarded Clock Systems 7
1.2.5 Embedded Clock Serial Systems 8
1.2.6 Spread Spectrum Clocking 12
1.3 Line Coding of Digital Signals 12
1.3.1 Properties of Binary Data 13
1.3.2 Binary Line Codes 14
1.3.3 Multilevel Line Codes 20
1.3.4 Block Codes 22
1.4 Electrical Signaling 23
1.4.1 Single-Ended Signaling 23
1.4.2 Differential Signaling 23
1.4.3 Preemphasis and Receiver Equalization 26
1.5 Summary 26
1.6 References 26
1.6.1 General References 26
1.6.2 Digital Design 27
1.6.3 Line Coding 27
1.6.4 Forward Error Correction 27
1.6.5 Equalization and Preemphasis 28
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 2 Jitter Basics 29
2.1 Definition of Jitter 29
2.1.1 Phase Noise and Phase Jitter 30
2.1.2 Period Jitter and Cycle-to-Cycle Jitter 32
2.1.3 Jitter versus Wander 34
2.2 Jitter as a Statistical Phenomenon 34
2.2.1 Jitter Time Waveform 34
2.2.2 Jitter Frequency Spectrum 35
2.2.3 Jitter Statistics 35
2.3 Total Jitter and Its Subcomponents 38
2.3.1 Jitter Mechanisms 38
2.3.2 Classification Schemes 41
2.4 Analytical Solutions for Jitter Mixtures 42
2.4.1 Basic Jitter Types 42
2.4.2 Understanding Convolution 45
2.4.3 Mix of Random Jitter and Periodic Jitter 45
2.4.4 Mix of Random Jitter and Nonperiodic Jitter 51
2.5 The Dual Dirac Model 52
2.5.1 Introduction 52
2.5.2 The Q Scale 53
2.5.3 The Dual Dirac Model in Principle 54
2.5.4 The Dual Dirac Model in Practice 58
2.6 Summary 58
2.7 References 59
Chapter 3 Serial Communication Systems and Modulation Codes 61
3.1 Introduction 62
3.1.1 Factors That Influence Communication Protocol
and Hardware Choices 62
3.1.2 Advantages of Serialization and Encoding 65
3.1.3 Communication Protocol Details 67
3.2 Encoders and Modulation Code Examples 68
3.2.1 Manchester Encoding 69
3.2.2 4B5B Block Substitution Encoding 70
3.2.3 8B10B Block Substitution Encoding 74
3.2.4 SONET Telecommunication System Encoding 77
3.2.5 Statistical Characteristics of Scrambler Encoders 84
3.2.6 Other Reasons for Encoding the Serial Data 87
Contents ix
3.2.7 Exceptions to Encoding Rules 87
3.2.8 Encoder Efficiency 88
3.3 Telephone System History and Evolution 89
3.3.1 Coping with the Need for Improved Service 90
3.3.2 The Analog-to-Digital Transformation 90
3.3.3 Digital Carrier Transmission Systems 96
3.3.4 The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 97
3.3.5 Encoding Rules for T-Carrier (T1) Transmission Systems 97
3.3.6 Encoding Rules for E1 Carrier Transmission Systems 99
3.3.7 The Synchronous Optical Network 101
3.3.8 The Architecture of SONET Frames 102
3.3.9 SONET Clock Architecture 106
3.4 SONET Design Requirements 107
3.4.1 SONET Capacitive Coupling Networks 107
3.4.2 SONET Laser Driver Requirements 111
3.5 Measuring the Band-Pass Response 112
3.6 Jitter 114
3.6.1 Power Supply Noise: A Commonly Overlooked Source of Jitter 115
3.6.2 Jitter Contribution of the SERDES Chip’s Reference Clock
and PLL 115
3.7 Measuring Power Supply Noise Immunity 120
3.8 Power Supply Distribution, Grounding, and Shielding 123
3.9 Measuring SONET Jitter 124
3.9.1 SONET/SDH Jitter Measurement Methods 126
3.9.2 Jitter Transfer 126
3.9.3 Jitter Tolerance 127
3.9.4 Jitter Generation 127
3.9.5 SONET Jitter Test Systems 129
3.9.6 Limitations of the SONET Jitter Methodology 130
3.9.7 An Example of Jitter Transfer Measurement 135
3.9.8 An Example of Jitter Tolerance Measurement 137
3.9.9 Deterministic Jitter and Periodic Jitter Measurement Techniques 137
3.9.10 SONET Jitter Summary 140
3.9.11 Other Data Communication Jitter Measurement Standards
and Methods 140
3.10 Modulation Codes for the Last Mile 140
3.10.1 The Evolution of the Integrated Services Digital Network 141
3.10.2 Modulation Codes for Digital Subscriber Loop Systems 144
3.10.3 DSL and ADSL Summary 148
3.10.4 Fiber-to-the-Home 148