Digital Communications: Proceedings of the Second Tirrenia International Workshop on Digital Communications Tirrenia, Italy, September 2-6, 1985

674 Pages·1986·6.405 MB·English

by  Rudolf Bernhardt

EDITORICAOLM MITTEE
RudolDfo lzer,i uDrrS..., J .(DH.a rvard)
RoberEt. H ollweJg.,D (.U niovf.M ichigan)
JonathSa.n Ignarski(,C anMt.aABb.a. r)r,i ster
PeteMra calister-BS.mAi.(t Khe,n tP)h., D.( Birmingham)
AnnR ustemeyMe.rA,. ( Oxon.D)i,p .Li(bU.n iovf.N .S.W.)
AnneM .T rebilcJo.cDk(,.B erkeley)
Alfr-eMdauridceeZ ayasJ,. D(.H arvarDdr).p, h i(!U.n iovf.G ottnigen)
EDITORIAASLS ISTANCE
PeteMr. Lawren,cB e.A,.L L.B(.U nivo.f N .SW..)
CharlJe.sT urpiMn.,A .( Canbt.a,)S oilcitor
Withd eepr egrweet r ecortdh eu ntimedleya tdhu rintgh ep reparaotfit ohniv so lumoef A nn
Rusetmeyerw,h ow asa maisntaoyf t heE ditorCioamlm itteef romt heb eginnionfg the
project.
Thea rticilnte hsiE sn cyclopsehdoiuabl edc ite(du ntpiulb claitioofnt hefi naeld tiioanc)c ording
tot hef olloweixnagm ple:
H.-JS.c hlochaAurebri,t ratiinoR:n. ,B ernhar(detd .E)n,c yclopeodfPi uab lIicne trnational
Law,I nstalm1e( n1t 98p1.1 )3,.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
PUBLICI NTERNATIONALL AW
PUBLISHED UNDERT HE AUSPICESO F THE
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTFEO R COMPARATIVE
PUBLICL AW AND INTERNATIONALL AW
UNDER THE DIRECTIONO F
RUDOLF BERNHARDT
ADVISORY BOARD
RUDOLLF.B INDSCHE·DT LHEORM ABSU ERGENT·HK AALR LD OEHRING
JOCHEANB RF.R OWE·IGNU NTHEJRA ENIC·HK EERBERMTI EHSLER
HERMANMNO SLE·RF RITMZU NC·HD ANIEPL.O 'CONNEt LL
KARLJ OSEPFA RTS·CPHI ERRPEE SCAT·OH REENRGY. S CHERMERS
ULRICSHC HEUNtE· RH ANS-JURSGCEHNL OCHAU·MEARX S 0RENStE N
HELMUSTT REBEL
8
HUMAN RIGHTSA ND THE INDIVIDUALI N
INTERNATIONALL AW· INTERNATIONAELC ONOMIC
RELATIONS
1985
NORTH-HOLLAND
AMSTERDAM NEW YORK OXFORD
· ·
©ELSEVIESRC IENCPEU BLISHEBRV.S.- 1985
Allr ighrtess erNvoe pda.r otft hipsu blicmaatyib oenr eproduscteodri,en ad r etrieval
systoermt ,r ansmiitnat neyfd o,r omr b ya nym eanesl,e ctrmoencihca nipchaolt,o copying,
recorodrio ntgh erwwiisteh,to hupetr ipoerr misosfti hoceno pyroiwgnhetr .
ISBN0:44 4879110
Publisher:
ELSEVIESRC IENCPEU BLISHEBR.SV .
P.OB.O X 1991
1000B ZA MSTERDAM
THEN ETHERLANDS
Sodlies trfiotbrhuU et. oSr.asAn C.da nada:
ELSEVIESRC IENCPEU BLISHICNOGM PA NYI NC.
52V ANDERBILT AVENUE
NEWY ORK,N .Y1.00 17U,. S.A
Library of CongressC atalogIinPun bgU caDattai on
Maienn turnyd etri tle:
Encycloopfep duibali inct ernaltaiwo.n al
Issuienpd a rts.
Incluidnedse x.
1.I nternaltai-woD niaclt ionaries.
I.B ernhaRruddto,l1 f9,2 5-
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undV olkerr(eHcehitd elGbeerrmga,n y)
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PRINTEIDN T HE NETHERLANDS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Thee ighitnhs talmoeftn hteE ncyclopoefdP iuab lIinct ernatLiaownc aoln tai1n2sa9 r ticles
devotteodh umanr ighatnsdt hei ndiviidnui anlt ernatliaowna,an ldt oi nternateicoonnaolm ic
relatiAosni sn.t hep revioiunss taenltmsa,r ticwlheisc rhe lattoem oret haonn es ubjeacrte a
arei ncludientd h em osta pproprivaotleu mTeh.u sw,a rc rimeasr et reatiendI nstalm4e nt
which deals witthh euw saeor ff oarnc,de atnhde e ntroyn t heG enerAalg reemeonntT ariffs
andT rade( 194i7si )n cludiendI nstalm5en atl ong with otheorn uanritviecrlseasl
internatoirognaanli zatainodnc so operatMiaonny. regionianlt ernatioorngaaln izations
concernweidt ehc onommiact tearrsed ealwti tihn Itanlsme6n.t
Generlayld,e cisioofni sn ternationaaln dac robuirttrsa l tarriebc uonnatlasi inneI dn stal­
ment2 e vetnh ougthh ey mraeyl attoie n dividouria nltse rnational leacwSo.on moemm iacj or
decisioofrn esg ioinnatle rnatiinosntailt uctoinocnesr nweidth hu manr ightsd eaarlweti tihn
thep resevnotl umien t hea rticolne tsh eE uropeaCno mmissioofnH umanR ighst,t he
EuropeCaonu rotf H umanR ightasn,dt heE uropeCaonn ventoinoH nu manR ightassw, e ll
as itnh ea rticolne tsh eA mericaCno nventioonn HumaRni ghttsh,e I nter-American
CommissioonnH umanR ightasn dt heI nter-AmeriCcoaunro tf H umanR ights.
To facilitthaetu es eo ft heE ncycldoip,ae twok indosf c ross-refearreenu cseesd .
Arrow-markcerdo ss-refeirnet nhceae rst ictlheesm selrveefse r otthoe ern triaensd,a re
generailnlsye rattet dh efi rsrte levapnoitn itna na rti(cel.egT .h ec aswea ss ubmitttoetd h e
� InternatCioounraotlf J usti.c Feo)ro ther tofpoirwc hsi ch a separate been try might
expectbeudtw hicahr ed iscuseslesde whoerrue n dear h eadiwnhgi cdho enso ti mmediately
suggeistts etlhfet, i tolfet het opiacp peairnst hea lphabetsiecqaule nocfea rticwlietsah
cross-refetroet nhceae r ticwlhee rei ti sd iscussed IN(Qe.UgI.R sYe eF act-Finadnidn g
Inuqir)y.
Att hee ndo fe acihn stalmtehnetri es uapnd atleidos fta rticfloetrs h ee ntiErnec yclopedia.
Articwlheisc hha ve alraepapdeya rheadv ea n umbeirn b rackeitdse nftyiintgh ei nstalmienn t
whicthh emya y bfeo und.
Them anuscrifpotrts h iisn stalmweenrtefi naliziened a rl1y9 85.
LISOTF A BBREVIATIONS
ACHR AmericaCno nventioonnH uman Rights
AFDI AnnuaiFrrea �naids eD roiItn ternational
AJCL AmericaJno urnoaflC omparative Law
AJIL AmericaJno urnoaflI nternatliaown al
AnnIDI Annuaidreel 'lnstdietD urto iItn ternational
AnnuaDli gest AnnuaDli gesatn dR eporotfsI nternatPiuobnlaLilca wC ases
AustralYiIaLn Australian YeoafIr nbtoeorkn atLiaown al
AVR Archidve sV olkerrechts
BILC BritiIsnht ernatLiaownC aals e(sC .P arreyd, .)
BYIL BritiYseha rB ooko fI nternatLiaown al
CahDroitEur CahiedresD roiEtu ropeen
CanYIL CanadiYaena rbooofkI nternatLiaown al
CJEC Courotf J ustiocfte h eE uropeaCno mmunities
Clunet JourndaulD roiItn ternational
CMLR CommonM arkeLta wR eports
CMLRev CommonM arkeLta wR eview
ColJTransL ColumbJioau rnoaflT ransnatiLoanwa l
Com econ CouncilM uftoura Elc onomiAci d
CTS ConsolidTarteeadt Sye ri(eC s. P arrey,d .)
DeptStateBullD epartmeonfSt t atBeu lletin
Dirlnt DiritItnot ernazionale
EC EuropeaCno mmunitoryE uropeaCno mmunities
ECHR EuropeaCno nventioonHn u manR ights
ECOSOC Economiacn dS ociCaolu ncoiflt heU niteNda tions
ECR Reporotfst heC ourotf J ustiocfte h eE uropeaCno mmunit(ieEusr o­
peanC ourRte ports)
ECSC EuropeaCno ala nd StCeoemlm unity
EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European FreeA sTsroacdiea tion
ESA EuropeaSnp acAeg ency
ETS EuropeTarne atSye ries
EuR Europa-Recht
Eurtao m EuropeaAnt omiEcn ergCyo mmunity
Eurocontrol EuropeaOnr ganizaftoirot nh eS afeotyfA irN avigation
FAO Fooda ndA gricultOurrgea nizaotfit ohneU niteNda tions
Fontes FonteIsu rGiesn tium
GAOR GeneraAls semblOfyfi cailR ecords
GATT GeneraAlg reemeonntT ariffasn dT rade
GYIL GermanY earbooofkI nternatLiaown al
HarvarIdL J HarvarIdn ternatLiaownJ aolu rnal
IAEA InternatAitoonmailEc n ergAyg ency
IATA InternatAiiornT arla nsport Association
IBRD InternatBiaonnkaf lo rR econstrucatnidDo env elopment
ICAO InternationAa vli taCoi in vO irlg anization
ICJ InternatCioounraotlf Justice
ICLQ InternatainodnC aolm paratLiavweQ uarterly
ICRC InternatCioomnmailt toefet heR edC ross
xiv LISOTFA BBR EV ITAI ONS
IC SI D InternatCieonntarlfe o rS ettlemoefnI tn vestmDeinstp utes
IDA InternatDieovnelaolp menAts sociation
IDI InstidteuD tr oiItn ternational
IFC InternatFiionnaanlCc oer poration
ILA InternatLiaownA asls ociation
ILC InternatLiaownC aolm mission
ILM InternatLieognaaMlla terials
ILO InternatLiaobnoaulOr r ganisation
ILR InternatLiaownR aelp orts
IMCO Int-eGrovernmentMaalr itiCmoen sultaOtrigvaen ization
IMF InternatMioonneatla Fruyn d
IMO InternatMiaorniatli Omreg anization
IndiaJnI L Indian JooufrI nnatle rnatLiaown al
InLtawyer InternatLiaownyaelr
IntRel InternatRieolnaatli ons
ltalYIL ItaliYaena rboookfI nternational Law
JIR Jarhbucfhi iIrn ternatiRoencahlte s
LNTS Leaguoef N atioTnrse atSye ries
LoN Leaguoef N ations
MartenRs MartenRse cuedielT raites
Martens R2 MartenRse cuedielT rait2emse,e d.
MartenNsR MartenNso uveau RecdueTe riali tes
MartenNsS MartenNso uveaSuu pplemeanuRt e cuedielT raist e
MartenNsR G Martens Nouveau GeRneecruaedlie Tl r aites
MartenNsR G2 MartenNso uveaRue cueGieln eradle T rait2emse,S erie
MartenNsR G3 MartenNso uveaRue cueGieln eradle T raist,3e meS erie
NATO NortAht lanTtirce atOyr ganization
NedTIR Nederlands Tivjodosrcl hnrtiefrtn atiRoencahatl
NILR NetherlaInndtse rnatLiaownR aelv iew
NordTIR NordiTsikd sskfroirfI tn ternatRieotn al
OAS OrganizaotfiA omne ricaSnt ates
OAU OrganizaotfiA ofnr icUanni ty
OECD OrganisaftoirEo cno nomic Co-opaenrdaD teivoenl opment
PCIJ PermaneCnotu rotf I nternatJiuosntailc e
PolishYIL PoliYseha rbooofkI nternatLiaown al
ProcASIL Proceedionftg hse A mericaSno cieotfyI nternatLiaown al
RdC Academidee D roiItn teronnaat,liR ecuediels C ours
Res. Resolution
RevBelge Revue BediegD er oit International
RevE gypt RevueE gyptiednenD er oiItn ternational
RevH ellen RevueH elelniqudee D roiItn ternational
RGDIP Revue Generale Idnet eDrrnoaittPi uobnlailc
RIAA ReporotfsI nternatAirobniatlrA awla rds
RivD iIrn t RivisdtiDa i ritItnot ernazionale
SAYIL SoutAhf ricYaena rboookfI nternational Law
SchweJiIzR SchweizeriJsachbhruecsh f iiirn ternatiRoencahlte s
SCOR SecuriCtoyu ncOiflfi ciRaelc ords
SEATO South-EAassitaT reaty Organization
Strupp-SchlocShtaruueprp,-l SocchhauWeorr,t erbudcehsV olkerre(c2hntdes d.,1 960/62)
Worterbuch
LISOTFA BBRETVIIOANS xv
Supp. Supplement
TexaIsL J TexaIsn ternationJaolu rLnaawl
UN UniteNda tions
UN Doc. UniteNda tioDnosc ument
UN GA UniteNda tioGnesn eraAls sembly
UNCTAD UniteNda tioCnosn ferenocnTe r adaen dD evelopment
UNEP UniteNda tioEnnsv ironmPernotg ramme
UNESCO UniteNda tioEndsu catnia,olS cientainfidcC ulturOarlg anization
UNIDO UniteNda tioInnsd ustDreivaell opmeOnrtg anization
UNITA R UniteNda tioInnss titfuotrTe r ainianngdR esearch
UNTS United NaTtrieoantsSy e ries
UPU UniverPsoaslt Uanli on
UST United STtraetaetsia ensdO theIrn ternatAigorneaelm ents
WEU WesterEnu ropeaUnn ion
WHO WorldH ealtOhr ganization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
YILC Yearbooofkt heI nternatLiaownC aolm mission
ZaoRV Zeitschfriiiafrut s liindisocfefhnetsl icRheecsh utn dV olkerrecht
AFRICAN CHARTER OpNr ovaiu dseesif nudli coaftt hiceoo nn tentthse of
HUMANA ND PEOPLES' AfricCahna rItitecs ro :n cenronoten dlw yi tthh e
RIGHTS civainpldo litictaowl h iricinhgd hitvsi duals can
lacyl abiumt, alstoh e writtiophg e hrtm anent
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signadteocrlitaehrsede ie rt ermi"ntafoti igohnt
cultausrpaelTc htijssx.u t aposrietviewoahnla st
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migbhetd escraisab nei dn genioust oa ttempt
thtahte ayr" ec onsocfi oftuahstce ht fa erte dom,
assemibnal s ei ndgolceu miednedtar sa fwrno m
equaljsiuttiyac,ne dd i gnairteeys seonbtjieacl­
almoaslttlh e covenantsd,e ccloanrvae­ntions,
tivetsh aefc ohri evoeftm helene tg itaismpaitrea ­
tionsr easnodl uotfti ho�en Usn itNeadt ions
tioonfs Atfhrei pceaoenps ,la" nrde feexrp ressly
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to �t hUenited CNhaatriatonetndrhs U e n iver­
instrupmreon�tusl sgianttcehedie n ternational
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movemienfn atv ooufhr u marni gwhatissn stitu­
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cannboedt i sassforcoeimca otendos moicci,a l and
establiosfrh emgeicnootnm amli swsiitohnisn the
cultruirgaihlntt hse ciorn ceapstw ieolanlsu ni­
framewooftr hk�e UnitNeadt ions. At the
versaalnidtt hyat ths ea tisfoafec ctoinoonm ic,
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a humarni ghts cosmhmoiuslsdsi euotbpn e
enjoyomfce invtai npldo lirtiisgch"aTt.lh er ec­
witthhifenr ameowfotr hOker ganizIantt hieo n.
ognitiinto hnCe h arotfet rh iess senrteilaal­
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persdoinganlTi hteey l.e meonfjt sust ibceef ore
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thlea awr lei sitnAe rdt7 .,i nclutdhireni ggth:ot
fortcher meoen tahfstt ehrre e ceoifrp att ifica­
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pubplriocp earntsdye rvicaeb sa sooifnns o n­develosphmoeubnletmd e nti(oAnre2td2. T) h.e
diismcirnation. Staptaerstt iote hCseh armtaeyfrr edeilsyp oofs e
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