Digital Clocks for Synchronization and Communications (Artech House Telecommunications Library)

270 Pages·2002·1.24 MB·English

by  Masami Kihara

Digital Clocks for
Synchronization and Communications
ForalistingofrecenttitlesintheArtechHouseTelecommunicationsLibrary,
turntothebackofthisbook.
Digital Clocks for
Synchronization and Communications
Masami Kihara
Sadayasu Ono
Pekka Eskelinen
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Kihara,Masami.
Digitalclocksforsynchronizationandcommunications/MasamiKihara,SadayasuOno,
PekkaEskelinen.
p.cm.—(ArtechHousetelecommunicationslibrary)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-58053-506-2(alk.paper)
1.Timingcircuits. 2.Synchronization. 3.Telecommunicationsystems–Equipment
andsupplies. I.Ono,Sadayasu. II.Eskelinen,Pekka. III.Title. IV.Series.
TK7868.T5K54 2002
621.382—dc21 2002032670
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Kihara,Masami.
Digitalclocksforsynchronizationandcommunications.—(ArtechHouse
telecommunicationslibrary)
1.Digitalelectronicclocks 2.Synchronization 3.Phase-lockedloops 4.Synchronous
datatransmissionsystems
I.Title II.Ono,Sadayasu III.Eskelinen,Pekka
621.3’8215
ISBN1-58053-506-2
CoverdesignbyDavidFord
OriginalJapaneseeditionpublishedasWakariyasuiDigitalClockGijutsu(DigitalClockTechnologies
MadeEasy)byMasamiKIHARAandSadayasuONO.
Copyright©2001byMasamiKIHARA
PublishedbyOhmsha,Ltd.,3-1KandaNishikicho,Chiyodaku,Tokyo,Japan
Englisheditioncopyright©2003byArtechHouseBooks
TranslationrightsarrangedwithOhmsha,Ltd.
©2003ARTECHHOUSE,INC.
685CantonStreet
Norwood,MA02062
Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbook
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in-
cludingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,with-
outpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave
been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa-
tion.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrade-
markorservicemark.
InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-506-2
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2002032670
10987654321
To
Tomoko,Yuuka,andYuuki
–Masami
Eiko,Satoko,Akiko,andMasanori
–Sadayasu
TuulaandJussi
–Pekka
.
Contents
Preface xv
1 IntroductiontoClocks 1
1.1 ClocksinDigitalSystems 1
1.2 SynchronizationinSystemsandNetworks 2
1.3 ClockFrequencySynchronizationTechnology 3
1.4 ClockGenerationTechnology 3
References 4
2 BasicsofClockSynchronizationandGeneration 5
2.1 TheGeneralConceptofSynchronization 5
2.2 ClockSynchronization 6
2.2.1 FrequencySynchronization 7
2.2.2 PhaseSynchronization 7
2.3 ClockFrequencyGeneration 8
2.4 TrendsinPhaseSynchronizationandClockGeneration 9
vii
viii DigitalClocksforSynchronizationandCommunications
3 SignalProcessingFundamentals 11
3.1 SignalProcessingandSystems 11
3.1.1 SignalProcessing 11
3.1.2 LinearSystem 12
3.1.3 FourierTransform 12
3.2 DigitalSignalProcessing 13
3.2.1 DigitalSystem 13
3.2.2 AnalogandDigitalSignals 14
3.2.3 Spectrum 17
3.2.4 MethodofCalculatingDFT 18
3.2.5 DescriptionofSignalsandSystemsintheFrequency
Domain 19
3.2.6 LaplaceTransform 19
3.2.7 z-transform 21
3.2.8 FundamentalProperty 22
3.2.9 SpectrumEstimation 22
3.3 DigitalFilters 24
3.3.1 WhatIsaDigitalFilter? 24
3.3.2 LinearDigitalFilter 25
3.3.3 DesignMethodsforDigitalFilters 26
3.3.4 KeyPointsinDesigningaDigitalFilter 27
References 28
4 IntroductiontoPLLs 29
4.1 BasicMechanismsinPhaseSynchronization 29
4.2 ElementOperation 30
4.2.1 PhaseComparatorCharacteristics 30
4.2.2 ControlledOscillatorCharacteristics 32
4.2.3 FilterCharacteristics 33
4.3 ClassificationofPLLs 34
4.3.1 AnalogPLL 35
4.3.2 Analog-DigitalPLL 36
Contents ix
4.3.3 DigitalPLL 36
4.3.4 DigitalProcessingPLL 36
4.4 PLLApplications 37
4.4.1 Synthesizer 37
4.4.2 Filter(Resonator) 38
4.4.3 Demodulator 38
4.4.4 AutomaticControlSystem 39
4.5 PLLCharacteristics 40
4.5.1 CycleSlip 40
4.5.2 InfluenceofExternalDisturbancesonSynchronization 40
4.5.3 LoopGain 44
4.5.4 LowpassCharacteristics 46
4.5.5 Steady-StatePhaseError 47
4.5.6 SynchronizationRanges 49
Reference 50
5 PLLCharacteristicAnalysis 51
5.1 BasicAnalysisofPLLCharacteristics 51
5.1.1 IssuesRelatedtotheOutputFrequency 51
5.1.2 RelationshipBetweenFrequencyandPhase 53
5.1.3 RelationBasedontheInputandOutputPhase
Difference 54
5.2 BasicCharacteristics 55
5.2.1 TransferFunction 55
5.2.2 Steady-StatePhaseError 56
5.2.3 SynchronizationRange 57
5.3 TransferFunctionandResponseCharacteristicofthe
First-OrderLoopPLL 61
5.3.1 TransferFunctioninanAnalogCircuit 61
5.3.2 TransferFunctioninDigitalPLLs 62
5.3.3 PhaseandFrequencyResponseoftheFirst-OrderLoop 66
5.4 TransferFunctionandSecond-OrderLoopResponse 69