Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink Modeling and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs

541 Pages·2007·14.85 MB·English

by  Steven T. Karris

Digital Circuit Analysis and Design
with Simulink®Modeling
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs
Second Edition
Steven T. Karris
Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Table of Contents
1
Common Number Systems and Conversions 1−1
1.1 Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Systems ..............................................1−1
1.2 Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions ....................................1−3
1.3 Decimal to Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Conversions ....................................1−3
1.4 Binary−Octal−Hexadecimal Conversions ..............................................................1−7
1.5 Summary ................................................................................................................1−9
1.6 Exercises ...............................................................................................................1−11
1.7 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...............................................................1−12
2
Operations in Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Systems 2−1
2.1 Binary System Operations 2−1
2.2 Octal System Operations 2−2
2.3 Hexadecimal System Operations 2−5
2.4 Complements of Numbers ....................................................................................2−6
2.4.1 Tens−Complement ......................................................................................2−7
2.4.2 Nines−Complement ....................................................................................2−7
2.4.3 Twos−Complement .....................................................................................2−8
2.4.4 Ones−Complement .....................................................................................2−9
2.5 Subtraction with Tens− and Twos−Complements .............................................2−10
2.6 Subtraction with Nines− and Ones−Complements ............................................2−11
2.7 Summary .............................................................................................................2−14
2.8 Exercises .............................................................................................................2−16
2.9 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .............................................................2−18
MATLAB Computations: Pages 2−4, 2−6, 2−19 through 2−21, 2−23
3
Sign Magnitude and Floating Point Arithmetic 3−1
3.1 Signed Magnitude of Binary Numbers .................................................................3−1
3.2 Floating Point Arithmetic ....................................................................................3−2
3.2.1 The IEEE Single Precision Floating Point Arithmetic ...............................3−3
3.2.2 The IEEE Double Precision Floating Point Arithmetic .............................3−7
3.3 Summary ...............................................................................................................3−9
3.4 Exercises .............................................................................................................3−10
3.5 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises .............................................................3−11
MATLAB Computations: Pages 3−1 through 3−2, 3−11
Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling i
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications
4
Binary Codes 4−1
4.1 Encoding ................................................................................................................4−1
4.1.1 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) ....................................................................4−1
4.1.2 The Excess−3 Code .....................................................................................4−2
4.1.3 The 2*421 Code ..........................................................................................4−3
4.1.4 The Gray Code ............................................................................................4−4
4.2 The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Code ........4−5
4.3 The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) ..................4−8
4.4 Parity Bits ..............................................................................................................4−8
4.5 Error Detecting and Correcting Codes .................................................................4−9
4.6 Cyclic Codes ..........................................................................................................4−9
4.7 Summary ..............................................................................................................4−14
4.8 Exercises ..............................................................................................................4−16
4.9 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ..............................................................4−17
5
Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra 5−1
5.1 Basic Logic Operations ..........................................................................................5−1
5.2 Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra ........................................................................5−1
5.2.1 Postulates .....................................................................................................5−1
5.2.2 Theorems .....................................................................................................5−2
5.3. Truth Tables 5−3
5.4 Summary ................................................................................................................5−5
5.5 Exercises ................................................................................................................5−7
5.6 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ................................................................5−8
6
Minterms and Maxterms 6−1
6.1 Minterms .................................................................................................................6−1
6.2 Maxterms ................................................................................................................6−2
6.3 Conversion from One Standard Form to Another .................................................6−3
6.4 Properties of Minterms and Maxterms ...................................................................6−4
6.5 Summary .................................................................................................................6−9
6.6 Exercises ................................................................................................................6−10
6.7 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...............................................................6−12
7
Combinational Logic Circuits 7−1
7.1 Implementation of Logic Diagrams from Boolean Expressions ..............................7−1
7.2 Obtaining Boolean Expressions from Logic Diagrams ........................................7−10
7.3 Input and Output Waveforms .............................................................................7−11
7.4 Karnaugh Maps ....................................................................................................7−13
ii Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
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7.4.1 K−map of Two Variables ............................................................................7−14
7.4.2 K−map of Three Variables .........................................................................7−15
7.4.3 K−map of Four Variables ............................................................................7−15
7.4.4 General Procedures for Using a K−map of n Squares ................................7−17
7.4.5 Don’t Care Conditions ...............................................................................7−20
7.5 Design of Common Logic Circuits ........................................................................7−21
7.5.1 Parity Generators/Checkers .......................................................................7−22
7.5.2 Digital Encoders .........................................................................................7−27
7.5.3 Decimal−to−BCD Encoder .........................................................................7−31
7.5.4 Digital Decoders .........................................................................................7−37
7.5.5 Equality Comparators .................................................................................7−40
7.5.6 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers ...............................................................7−44
7.5.7 Arithmetic Adder and Subtractor Logic Circuits ......................................7−52
7.6 Summary ...............................................................................................................7−63
7.7 Exercises ................................................................................................................7−65
7.8 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...............................................................7−68
Simulink Modeling: Pages 7−3, 7−12, 7−25, 7−29 through 7−30, 7−47, 7−50,
7−56 through 7−60
8
Sequential Logic Circuits 8−1
8.1 Introduction to Sequential Circuits ........................................................................8−1
8.2 Set−Reset (SR) Flip Flop ........................................................................................8−1
8.3 Data (D) Flip Flop ..................................................................................................8−4
8.4 JK Flip Flop .............................................................................................................8−5
8.5 Toggle (T) Flip Flop ................................................................................................8−6
8.6 Flip Flop Triggering .................................................................................................8−7
8.7 Edge−Triggered Flip Flops ......................................................................................8−8
8.8 Master / Slave Flip Flops .........................................................................................8−8
8.9 Conversion from One Type of Flip Flop to Another ............................................8−11
8.10 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits .......................................................8−13
8.11 Design of Synchronous Counters .........................................................................8−23
8.12 Registers ................................................................................................................8−28
8.13 Ring Counters .......................................................................................................8−34
8.14 Ring Oscillators .....................................................................................................8−37
8.15 Summary ...............................................................................................................8−39
8.16 Exercises ................................................................................................................8−42
8.17 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...............................................................8−45
Simulink Modeling: Pages 8−19, 8−37
Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling iii
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
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9
Memory Devices 9−1
9.1 Random−Access Memory (RAM)......................................................................... 9−1
9.2 Read−Only Memory (ROM) ..................................................................................9−3
9.3 Programmable Read−Only Memory (PROM) .......................................................9−7
9.4 Erasable Programmable Read−Only Memory (EPROM) ......................................9−9
9.5 Electrically−Erasable Programmable Read−Only Memory (EEPROM) ..............9−10
9.6 Flash Memory .......................................................................................................9−10
9.7 Memory Sticks ......................................................................................................9−10
9.8 Cache Memory .....................................................................................................9−11
9.9 Virtual Memory ....................................................................................................9−11
9.10 Scratch Pad Memory ............................................................................................9−12
9.11 The Simulink Memory Block ...............................................................................9−12
9.12 Summary ..............................................................................................................9−14
9.13 Exercises ...............................................................................................................9−16
9.14 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...............................................................9−17
Simulink Modeling: Pages 9−6, 9−12
10
Advanced Arithmetic and Logic Operations 10−1
10.1 Computers Defined .............................................................................................10−1
10.2 Basic Digital Computer System Organization and Operation ............................10−2
10.3 Parallel Adder .....................................................................................................10−4
10.4 Serial Adder ........................................................................................................10−5
10.5 Overflow Conditions ...........................................................................................10−6
10.6 High-Speed Addition and Subtraction ...............................................................10−9
10.7 Binary Multiplication ........................................................................................10−10
10.8 Binary Division ..................................................................................................10−13
10.9 Logic Operations of the ALU ...........................................................................10−14
10.10 Other ALU functions ........................................................................................10−15
10.11 Logic and Bit Operations with Simulink Blocks ...............................................10−16
10.11.1 The Logical Operator Block ..............................................................10−16
10.11.2 The Relational Operator Block .........................................................10−16
10.11.3 The Interval Test Block .....................................................................10−17
10.11.4 The Interval Test Dynamic Block .....................................................10−18
10.11.5 The Combinatorial Logic Block ........................................................10−19
10.11.6 The Compare to Zero Block ..............................................................10−24
10.11.7 The Compare to Constant Block ......................................................10−25
10.11.8 The Bit Set Block ..............................................................................10−26
10.11.9 The Clear Bit Block ...........................................................................10−27
10.11.10 The Bitwise Operator Block ..............................................................10−28
iv Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
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10.11.11 The Shift Arithmetic Block ..............................................................10−31
10.11.12 The Extract Bits Block .....................................................................10−32
10.12 Summary 10−34
10.13 Exercises ...........................................................................................................10−36
10.14 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ..........................................................10−37
Simulink Modeling: Pages 10−16 through 10−33
11
Introduction to Field Programmable Devices 11−1
11.1 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) ..................................................................11−1
11.2 Programmable Array Logic (PAL) .....................................................................11−5
11.3 Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) 11−6
11.3.1 The Altera MAX 7000 Family of CPLDs .............................................11−7
11.3.2 The AMD Mach Family of CPLDs .....................................................11−13
11.3.3 The Lattice Family of CPLDs ..............................................................11−15
11.3.4 Cypress Flash370 Family of CPLDs .....................................................11−16
11.3.5 Xilinx XC9500 Family of CPLDs ........................................................11−21
11.3.6 CPLD Applications .............................................................................11−31
11.4 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) .....................................................11−37
11.4.1 SRAM−Based FPGA Architecture .....................................................11−38
11.4.2 Xilinx FPGAs ......................................................................................11−38
11.4.3 Atmel FPGAs ......................................................................................11−41
11.4.5 Altera FPGAs ......................................................................................11−42
11.4.6 Lattice FPGAs .....................................................................................11−43
11.4.7 Antifuse-Based FPGAs ........................................................................11−44
11.4.8 Actel FPGAs .......................................................................................11−44
11.4.8 QuickLogic FPGAs .............................................................................11−50
11.5 FPGA Block Configuration − Xilinx FPGA Resources ...................................11−52
11.6 The CPLD versus FPGA Trade−Off ................................................................11−59
11.7 What is Next ....................................................................................................11−59
11.8 Summary ..........................................................................................................11−62
11.9 Exercises ...........................................................................................................11−64
11.10 Solutions to End−of−Chapter Exercises ...........................................................11−66
A
Introduction to MATLAB® A−1
A.1 Command Window ..............................................................................................A−1
A.2 Roots of Polynomials ............................................................................................A−3
A.3 Polynomial Construction from Known Roots ......................................................A−4
A.4 Evaluation of a Polynomial at Specified Values ...................................................A−5
A.5 Rational Polynomials ............................................................................................A−8
A.6 Using MATLAB to Make Plots ............................................................................A−9
Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling v
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
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A.7 Subplots ..............................................................................................................A−18
A.8 Multiplication, Division and Exponentiation ....................................................A−19
A.9 Script and Function Files ...................................................................................A−26
A.10 Display Formats ..................................................................................................A−31
MATLAB Computations: Entire Appendix A
B
Introduction to Simulink® B−1
B.1 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB ...............................................................B−1
B.2 Simulink Demos ..................................................................................................B−20
Simulink Modeling: Entire Appendix B
C
Introduction to ABEL Hardware Description Language C−1
C.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................C−1
C.2 Basic Structure of an ABEL Source File ..............................................................C−1
C.3 Declarations .........................................................................................................C−3
C.4 Numbers ...............................................................................................................C−5
C.5 Directives .............................................................................................................C−6
C.5.1 The @alternate Directive .........................................................................C−6
C.5.2 The @radix Directive ...............................................................................C−7
C.5.3 The @standard Directive ..........................................................................C−7
C.6 Sets ....................................................................................................................C−7
C.6.1 Indexing or Accessing a Set ......................................................................C−8
C.6.2 Set Operations ...........................................................................................C−9
C.7 Operators ............................................................................................................C−11
C.7.1 Logical Operators ....................................................................................C−11
C.7.2 Arithmetic Operators ..............................................................................C−12
C.7.3 Relational Operators ...............................................................................C−12
C.7.4 Assignment Operators .............................................................................C−13
C.7.5 Operator Priorities ...................................................................................C−13
C.8 Logic Description ...............................................................................................C−14
C.8.1 Equations .................................................................................................C−14
C.8.2 Truth Tables ............................................................................................C−15
C.8.3 State Diagram ..........................................................................................C−18
C.8.4 Dot Extensions ........................................................................................C−21
C.9 Test Vectors .......................................................................................................C−22
C.10 Property Statements ...........................................................................................C−23
C.11 Active−Low Declarations ..................................................................................C−23
vi Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
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D
Introduction to VHDL D−1
D.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................D−1
D.2 The VHDL Design Approach ..............................................................................D−1
D.3 VHDL as a Programming Language .....................................................................D−3
D.3.1 Elements ..................................................................................................D−3
D.3.2 Comments ................................................................................................D−4
D.3.3 Identifiers .................................................................................................D−4
D.3.4 Literal Numbers .......................................................................................D−4
D.3.5 Literal Characters ....................................................................................D−5
D.3.6 Literal Strings ..........................................................................................D−5
D.3.7 Bit Strings ................................................................................................D−5
D.3.8 Data Types................................................................................................D−5
D.3.9 Integer Types ...........................................................................................D−6
D.3.10 Physical Types .........................................................................................D−7
D.3.11 Floating Point Types ................................................................................D−8
D.3.12 Enumeration Types .................................................................................D−9
D.3.13 Arrays ......................................................................................................D−9
D.3.14 Records ..................................................................................................D−11
D.3.15 Subtypes .................................................................................................D−11
D.3.16 Object Declarations ...............................................................................D−12
D.3.17 Attributes ..............................................................................................D−13
D.3.18 Expressions and Operators ....................................................................D−14
D.3.19 Sequential Statements ...........................................................................D−15
D.3.20 Variable Assignments............................................................................ D−15
D.3.21 If Statement ...........................................................................................D−16
D.3.22 Case Statement ......................................................................................D−16
D.3.23 Loop Statements ....................................................................................D−17
D.3.24 Null Statement ......................................................................................D−19
D.3.25 Assertions ..............................................................................................D−19
D.3.26 Subprograms and Packages ....................................................................D−20
D.3.27 Procedures and Functions .....................................................................D−20
D.3.28 Overloading ...........................................................................................D−23
D.3.29 Package and Package Body Declarations ..............................................D−24
D.3.30 Package Use and Name Visibility ..........................................................D−26
D.4 Structural Description ........................................................................................D−26
D.4.1 Entity Declarations ................................................................................D−26
D.4.2 Architecture Declarations .....................................................................D−29
D.4.3 Signal Declarations ................................................................................D−30
D.4.4 Blocks .....................................................................................................D−30
D.4.5 Component Declarations ......................................................................D−32
D.4.6 Component Instantiation ......................................................................D−33
Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling vii
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D.5 Behavioral Description ......................................................................................D−33
D.5.1 Signal Assignment ................................................................................D−34
D.5.2 Process and the Wait Statement ..........................................................D−35
D.5.3 Concurrent Signal Assignment Statements .........................................D−38
D.5.4 Conditional Signal Assignment ............................................................D−38
D.5.5 Selected Signal Assignment ..................................................................D−40
D.6 Organization .......................................................................................................D−41
D.6.1 Design Units and Libraries ....................................................................D−41
D.6.2 Configurations .......................................................................................D−43
D.7 Design Example .................................................................................................D−47
E
Introduction to Verilog E−1
E.1 Description E−1
E.2 Verilog Applications .............................................................................................E−2
E.3 The Verilog Programming Language ....................................................................E−2
E.4 Lexical Conventions E−6
E.5 Program Structure .................................................................................................E−7
E.6 Data Types ............................................................................................................E−9
E.6.1 Physical Data Types ...................................................................................E−9
E.6.2 Abstract Data Types ................................................................................E−11
E.7 Operators ............................................................................................................E−11
E.7.1 Binary Arithmetic Operators ...................................................................E−11
E.7.2 Unary Arithmetic Operators ...................................................................E−12
E.7.3 Relational Operators ...............................................................................E−12
E.7.4 Logical Operators ....................................................................................E−12
E.7.5 Bitwise Operators ....................................................................................E−13
E.7.6 Unary Reduction Operators ....................................................................E−13
E.7.7 Other Operators ......................................................................................E−14
E.7.8 Operator Precedence ...............................................................................E−14
E.8 Control Statements .............................................................................................E−15
E.8.1 Selection Statements ...............................................................................E−15
E.8.2 Repetition Statements .............................................................................E−16
E.9 Other Statements ...............................................................................................E−17
E.9.1 Parameter Statements .............................................................................E−17
E.9.2 Continuous Assignment Statements .......................................................E−17
E.9.3 Blocking Assignment Statements ............................................................E−17
E.9.4 Non-Blocking Assignment Statements ...................................................E−18
E.10 System Tasks .......................................................................................................E−19
E.11 Functions E−21
E.12 Timing Control ...................................................................................................E−22
E.12.1 Delay Control ........................................................................................E−22
viii Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
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E.12.2 Event Control ........................................................................................E−22
E.12.3 Wait Control .........................................................................................E−23
E.12.4 Fork and Join Control ...........................................................................E−23
F
Introduction to Boundary Scan Architecture F−1
F.1 The IEEE Standard 1149.1.................................................................................... F−1
F.2 Introduction ...........................................................................................................F−1
F.3 Boundary Scan Applications .................................................................................F−3
F.4 Board with Boundary-Scan Components ..............................................................F−4
F.5 Field Service Boundary-Scan Applications ...........................................................F−5
References R−1
Index IN−1
Digital Circuit Analysis and Design with Simulink ® Modeling ix
and Introduction to CPLDs and FPGAs, Second Edition
Copyright © Orchard Publications