digest of united states practice in international law - US Department

1026 Pages·2002·3.37 MB·English

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DIGEST OF
UNITED STATES PRACTICE
IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
2001
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D
IGEST OF
UNITED STATES PRACTICE
IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
2001
Sally J. Cummins
David P. Stewart
Editors
Office of the Legal Adviser
United States Department of State
INTERNATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE
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The Digest of United States Practice in International Law is pub-
lished by the International Law Institute under agreement with
the United States Department of State, Office of the Legal Adviser.
The contents of the Digest, including selection of documents and
preparation of editorial commentary, are entirely under the aus-
pices of the Office of the Legal Adviser.
INTERNATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE
For nearly fifty years the International Law Institute has addressed
issues of interest to the international legal community through
research, publishing, training, and technical assistance. For infor-
mation on the activities of the Institute:
Publishing Office
International Law Institute
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Washington, DC 20009
202-483-3036
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ILI homepage: www.ili.org
Commentary prepared by the editors and the format and organ-
ization of this book are protected under copyright © by the
International Law Institute, 2002. All rights reserved. No parts
of the book may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, including mechanical, electronic, or photo-
copying without prior written permission from the International
Law Institute.
ISBN 0-935328-92-0
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1
NATIONALITY, CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION 1
A. NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 1
1. Determination of U.S. Citizenship: North Korea 1
2. Child Citizenship Act of 2000 3
3. Naturalization of Foreign-born Child of Unwed Parents,
Only One of Whom is an American Citizen 7
B. PASSPORTS 8
1. Two-Parent Consent to Passport Issuance 8
2. Denial of Passports for Non-Payment of Child Support 9
3. Restrictions on Use of U.S. Passport 13
a. Extension of Iraq passport restriction 13
b. Extension of Libya passport restriction 15
C. IMMIGRATION AND VISAS 15
1. Presidential Proclamation: Suspension of Entry 15
2. Visa Sanctions for Non-Acceptance of Return of
Nationals 17
Chapter 2
CONSULAR AND JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE AND
RELATED ISSUES 21
A. CONSULAR NOTIFICATION, ACCESS AND
ASSISTANCE 21
1. Claims by Germany against the United States in the
International Court of Justice: The LaGrand Case 21
2. Consular Notification and U.S. Criminal Prosecution 24
a. Department of State communications with
Governor of Oklahoma 24
b. Governor’s communication to the Government
of Mexico 27
3. Consular Notification and Access for American
Nationals Abroad 31
4. Consular Assistance to American Prisoners Abroad 36
5. Consular Assistance to Victims of Crimes 38
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Digest of US Practice in International Law
B. CHILDREN 40
1. Hague Convention on International Child Abduction 40
a. Recognition of foreign court determinations 40
b. Wider adherence to the Convention 48
2. Reciprocal Child Support Enforcement Arrangements 49
C. OTHER PRISONER ISSUES 51
D. JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE 55
1. Taking of Civil Depositions Abroad 55
2. Medallion Stamp Guarantees 59
Chapter 3
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 61
A. EXTRADITION AND OTHER RENDITIONS, AND
MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE 61
1. Rule of Specialty: Applicability to State Prosecution 61
2. Presumption Against Bail 62
3. Reviewability of Secretary of State’s Decision to
Surrender Fugitive Alleging Violation of Torture
Convention 70
4. Trial In Absentia in the United States 87
5. Reports to Congress 89
B. INTERNATIONAL CRIMES 96
1. Terrorism 96
NOTE: Terrorism issues related to the response of the
United States to the attacks of September 11, 2001,
are discussed in Chapter 19.
a. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 2000 96
b. Verdict in Libya terrorist case: Pan Am 103 98
c. Ratification of new treaties 100
d. Litigation concerning designation of Foreign
Terrorist Organizations 109
e. Human rights and terrorism 117
2. Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity 118
Resolution on Genocide 118
3. Narcotrafficking 119
a. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 119
b. Certification of major illicit drug-producing
and drug-transit countries 119
c. Role of U.S. intelligence in aircraft interdiction 121
d. Litigation concerning use of controlled substance
for religious purposes 128
e. Designation of foreign narcotics traffickers 143
4. Trafficking in Persons 145
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Table of Contents
a. Trafficking in Persons Report 145
b. Other U.S. implementation measures 151
5. Cybercrime 152
a. Signing of Cybercrime Convention 152
b. Applicability of Convention 156
6. Corruption 159
a. Inter-American Convention against Corruption
report 159
b. OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of
Foreign Public Officials in International Business
Transactions report 163
C. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS 164
1. Role of International Criminal Tribunals 164
2. International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia 169
a. Comments by President Bush 171
b. U.S. participation in donors’ conference 172
3. International Criminal Court 173
a. U.S. position on Rome Statute creating
International Criminal Court 173
b. Crime of aggression 173
Chapter 4
TREATIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS 179
A. CAPACITY TO MAKE 179
1. Role of Individual States of the United States 179
a. Analysis of Memorandum of Understanding
between Missouri and Manitoba 179
b. Proposed annex to Great Lakes Charter 198
2. Relationship Between U.S. Constitution Treaty
Clause and President’s Ability to Enter into
Executive Agreements 200
B. CONCLUSION, ENTRY INTO FORCE, RESERVATIONS,
APPLICATION AND TERMINATION 212
1. Obligations of Signatories Prior to Ratification 212
2. Entry into Force Date 213
3. Reservation Practice 214
4. Treaty Interpretation: Scope of Applicability 219
Chapter 5
FEDERAL FOREIGN AFFAIRS AUTHORITY 227
A. FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW OF THE UNITED STATES 227
1. Foreign Relations of the United States Series 227
2. Alienage Diversity Jurisdiction 227
3. American Institute in Taiwan 235
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Digest of US Practice in International Law
B. STATUS OF CONSTITUENT ENTITIES 242
1. Associate Membership: Puerto Rico 242
2. Information-Sharing Agreement: Puerto Rico 243
Chapter 6
HUMAN RIGHTS 247
A. GENERAL 247
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 247
B. DISCRIMINATION 247
1. Race 247
a. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination Report 247
b. World Conference Against Racism 267
c. Proposed Protocol to the Council of Europe
Convention on Cybercrime on the Criminalisation
of Acts of a Racist or Xenophobic Nature 268
2. Gender 269
a. Discrimination against women and girls in
Afghanistan 269
b. Elimination of violence against women 269
c. Women and land 270
3. Religion 271
a. International Religious Freedom 271
b. Designation of countries of particular concern 271
4. Physical Disabilities 272
C. CHILDREN 273
1. Rights of the Child 273
2. Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights
of the Child 274
3. The Girl Child 275
D. DEVELOPMENT 275
1. Right to Development 275
2. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 279
3. Adequate Housing 279
4. Right to Food 280
5. Access to Medication 281
E. MEDICAL AND HEALTH 283
Abortion-related Activities (“Mexico City Policy”) 283
F. TORTURE 293
G. JUDICIAL PROCEDURE, PENALTIES AND RELATED
ISSUES 294
1. Capital Punishment 294
a. Evidence considered in sentencing 294
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(1) Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights Final Report 294
(2) Related domestic litigation 296
b. Captial punishment where crime committed
under age 18 303
c. Death penalty 315
2. Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions 316
3. Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances 317
4. Impunity 318
5. Alien Tort Statute and Torture Victims Protection Act 318
a. Scope 319
(1) Tachiona v. Mugabe 319
(2) Alvarez-Machain v. United States 326
(3) Other claims 334
b. Effect of settlement in foreign litigation 335
c. Effect of forum non conveniens 336
d. Effect on U.S. foreign policy interests 337
e. Statute of limitations 339
f. Attorney fees 340
H. DETENTIONS 341
I. REPRESENTATION 346
1. Inter-American Democratic Charter 346
2. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights:
Petition of Statehood Solidarity Committee 352
J. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 353
Summit of the Americas 353
K. FREEDOM OF OPINION AND EXPRESSION 353
Chapter 7
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS 355
A. CONVENTION ON SAFETY OF UNITED NATIONS
AND ASSOCIATED PERSONNEL 355
1. Transmittal to Senate for Advice and Consent to
Ratification 355
2. Scope of Legal Protection under the Convention 361
B. INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION DRAFT
ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY 364
Chapter 8
INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS AND STATE RESPONSIBILITY 381
A. GOVERNMENT-TO-GOVERNMENT CLAIMS 381
1. Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal 381
2. Espousal of Claims 385
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Digest of US Practice in International Law
B. CLAIMS OF INDIVIDUALS 386
1. Claims by Victims of the Nazi Era and Victims’ Heirs 386
a. Claims against German companies arising from
Nazi era 386
b. Claims against Austria and Austrian companies
arising from Nazi era 394
c. Claims concerning French banks 406
d. Issues of state law 413
2. Other international law basis 417
Chapter 9
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS, CONTINUITY AND
SUCCESSION OF STATES 423
A. AFGHANISTAN 423
B. EAST TIMOR 426
Chapter 10
IMMUNITIES AND RELATED ISSUES 429
A. SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 429
1. Definition of Foreign State 430
2. No Jus Cogens Exception to FSIA 430
3. Retroactivity of FSIA 457
4. Exceptions to Immunity 458
a. Expropriation 458
b. Arbitration agreement and award 458
c. Acts of terrorism 459
5. Effect of Extradition Request under FSIA 475
6. Effect of Tax Treaty under FSIA 485
7. Collection of Judgment under FSIA 488
8. Service of Process under FSIA 501
B. HEAD OF STATE IMMUNITY 510
1. Immunity and Inviolability: Tachiona v. Mugabe 510
a. Immunity 510
b. Inviolability 531
2. Other Head-of-State Litigation 536
C. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR PRIVILEGES AND
IMMUNITIES 537
D. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 538
1. Principal Resident Representative for the International
Monetary Fund 538
2. Asian Development Bank 539
E. OTHER ISSUES OF STATE REPRESENTATION 540
1. Location of Diplomatic and Consular buildings 540
2. Real Property Taxes 545
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