Table Of ContentDiet, Nutrition,
and
Lancer:
A Critical Evaluation
Volume I
Macronutrients and Cancer
Editors
Bandaru S. Reddy, Ph.D.
Member and Associate Chief, Division of
Nutrition and Endocrinology
Head, Nutritional Biochemistry Section
Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention
American Health Foundation
Valhalla. New York
Leonard A. Cohen, Ph. D.
Head, Nutritional Endocrinology Section
Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology
Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention
American Health Foundation
Valhalla, New York
Boca Raton London New York
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First published 1986 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Diet, nutrition, and cancer.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Macronutrients and cancer --
v. 2. Micronutrients, nonnutritive dietary factors,
and cancer.
Cancer--Nutritional aspects. I. Reddy,
Bandaru S. II. Cohen, Leonard A. [DNLM: 1. Diet--
adverse effects. 2. Neoplasms--etiology. 3. Neoplasms
--prevention & control. 4. Nutrition. QZ 202 D5653]
RC268.45.D54 1986 616.99’4 85-15172
ISBN 0-8493-6332-2 (v. 1)
ISBN 0-8493-6333-0 (v. 2)
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 85015172
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contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89230-6 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07140-6 (ebk)
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PREFACE
Although the concept that diet and nutrition might influence cancer is not new, until
recently this relationship has received surprisingly little detailed attention. During the 1930s,
a number of laboratories, including that of Tannenbaum, were interested in the possible
influence exerted by nutritional factors on susceptibility to cancer, but the question soon
lost the interest of both the scientific and lay community.
During the past 2 decades, renewed interest in nutritional carcinogenesis has developed.
Epidemiologic studies have investigated the incidence pattern between and among population
groups, differences in the rates of the disease between the sexes, changes in disease rates
over time, demographic and socioeconomic distribution of diseases, effects of migration,
and the dietary habits of different population groups, and have led to the conclusion that
nutritional factors play a significant role in the etiology of certain types of cancer. However,
it must be recognized that the correlation between nutritional factors and certain forms of
cancer does not prove causation. Many factors may be necessary for cancer causation, but
the modification of only one of the contributing factors, such as diet, may be sufficient to
retard the chain of causative events.
Studies in experimental animal models also point to dietary factors as important modulators
of certain types of cancer. These studies have generally shown that increased macronutrient
intake, especially fat, and certain micronutrient deficiencies lead to increased in tumor
incidence in several organ sites, whereas diet restriction and dietary excess of certain mi-
cronutrients lead to a lower tumor incidence.
These 2 volumes bring together a wide variety of studies concerning the role nutrition
plays in the etiology of various types of cancer, namely, cancer of the esophagus, upper
alimentary tract, pancreas, liver, colon, breast, and prostate. The purpose of each chapter
is to provide a critical interpretive review of the area, to identify gaps and inconsistencies
in present knowledge, and to suggest new areas for future reasearch. Scientifically valid
data supporting an association between nutrition and cancer comes from three sources:
epidemiology, clinical studies, and experimental studies in laboratory animal models.
Throughout the volumes, attention is given to the potential and limitations of each discipline;
and the need for closer cooperation between epidemiologists, clinicians, and experimentalists
is emphasized. Specific areas of concern include extrapolation of data from animal models
to humans, methods of diet evaluation, the formation and occurrence of mutagens in cooked
food, and the role of naturally-occurring inhibitors of carcinogenesis.
We have tried to present in 19 chapters (9 chapters in Volume I, 10 chapters in Volume
11) a comprehensive view of nutrition's role in cancer. The broad coverage of diet, nutrition,
and cancer provided by these chapters is intended to serve both as an introduction to readers
unfamiliar with the field, as well as a source of new information for researchers. It is indeed
hoped that these 2 volumes will promote a better understanding of the role of nutritional
factors in the induction and inhibition of cancer, and that this understanding will lead to a
reduction in cancer rates in the current generation and the prevention of cancer in future
generations.
Obviously, the compilation of these volumes could not have come about without the
cooperation of the various authors. We most sincerely thank each of the authors for their
contribution and continued assistance in submitting and editing the manuscript.
THE EDITORS
Bandaru S. Reddy, D.V.M., Ph.D., is presently a Member and Associate Chief of the
Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology, Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention,
Valhalla, New York, and Research Professor of Microbiology at New York Medical College,
Valhalla, New York. He received a degree in Veterinary Medicine in 1955 from the Uni-
versity of Madras, India, an M.S. in 1960 from the University of New Hampshire, and
Ph.D. in 1963 from Michigan State University. He then spent 8 years as a faculty member
at the Lobund Laboratory of the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
His current research interest is diet, nutrition and cancer, with particular emphasis on
large bowel cancer. This is an important area of investigative research that may contribute
to primary and secondary prevention of cancer. He has published about 160 papers on this
and related subjects.
Dr. Reddy is a member of the American Institute of Nutrition, American Association of
Pathologists, American Association of Cancer Research, Society for Experimental Biology
and Medicine, Association of Gnotobiotics, and the Society of Toxicology. During 1979,
he served as the President of the Association of Gnotobiotics.
Leonard A. Cohen is presently Head, Section of Nutritional Endocrinology, Naylor Dana
Institute for Disease Prevention, Valhalla, New York. He received a Ph.D. from the City
University of New York in 1972 in cell biology. Dr. Cohen joined the NDI soon after
receiving his doctorate and has dedicated his efforts since then to the elucidation of the
mechanism of mammary tumor promotion by dietary fat.
Dr. Cohen is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International
Association for Breast Cancer Research, The International Association for Vitamins and
Nutritional Ontology, The Tissue Culture Association, and the American Association for
the Advancement of Science.
CONTRIBUTORS
Maarten C. Bosland Daniel S. Longnecker
Research Assistant Professor Professor of Pathology
Institute of Environmental Medicine Department of Pathology
New York University Medical Center Dartmouth Medical School
New York, New York Hanover, New Han~pshire
Andrea P. Boyar A. B. Miller
Head, Section of Clinical Nutrition Director
Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology NCIC Epidemiology Unit
Mahoney Institute for Health University of Toronto
Maintenance Toronto, Ontario
American Health Foundation Canada
New York, New York
Reginald G. H. Morgan
Associate Professor of Pathology
Leonard A. Cohen
Department of Physiology
Head, Section of Nutritional
The University of Western Australia
Endocrinology
Nedlands, Western Australia
Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology
Naylor Dana Institute for Disease
Bandaru S. Reddy
Prevention
Associate Chief, Division of Nutrition
American Health Foundation
and Endocrinology
Valhalla, New York
Naylor Dana Institute for Disease
Prevention
Pelayo Correa
American Health Foundation
Professor of Pathology
Valhalla, New York
Louisiana State University
New Orleans, Louisiana
David P. Rose
Chief
David F. Horrobin
Division of Nutrition and Endocrinology
Director
Naylor Dana Institute for Disease
Efamol Research Institute
Prevention and Mahoney Institute for
Nova Scotia. Canada
Health Maintenance
American Health Foundation
Ole M~llerJ ensen
New York, New York
Director
Danish Cancer Registry
Institute of Cancer Epidemiology
Under the Danish Cancer Society
Copenhagen, Denmark
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
Diet and Gastric Cancer
Diet and Cancer of the Pancreas: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence
The Epidemiology of Large Bowel Cancer
Diet and Colon Cancer: Evidence from Human and Animal Model Studies
Nutrition and the Epidemiology of Breast Cancer
Dietary Fat and Mammary Cancer
The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins in Breast Cancer
Diet and Cancer of the Prostate: Epidemiologic and Experimental Evidence
Dietary Fat and Cancer Risk: The Rationale for Intervention
Index
Volume I1
Retinoids and Mammary Gland Tumorigenesis: A Critique
Selenium and Murine Mammary Tumorigenesis
Chemoprevention of Cancer
Natural Inhibitors of Carcinogenesis: Fermented Milk Products
Epidemiologic Findings Relating Diet to Cancer of the Esophagus
Cancer of the Esophagus: Epidemiological and Experimental Studies
Alcohol, Nutrition, and Cancer
Mutagens and Carcinogens in Food
Formation and Occurrence of Nitrosamines in Food
Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer: Directions for Research
Index
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Diet and Gastric Cancer.. ................................................................ l
Pelayo Correa
Chapter 2
Diet and Cancer of the Pancreas: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence. ......... 1 1
Daniel S. Longnecker and Reginald G. H. Morgan
Chapter 3
The Epidemiology of Large Bowel Cancer.. ............................................2 7
Ole Moller Jensen
Chapter 4
Diet and Colon Cancer: Evidence from Human and Animal Model Studies.. ........... 47
Bandaru S. Reddy
Chapter 5
Nutrition and the Epidemiology of Breast Cancer ....................................... 67
A. B. Miller
Chapter 6
Dietary Fat and Mammary Cancer.. ..................................................... 77
Leonard A. Cohen
Chapter 7
The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Prostaglandins in Breast Cancer.. .............. 101
David F. Horrobin
Chapter 8
Diet and Cancer of the Prostate: Epidemiologic and Experimental Evidence ........... 125
Maarten C. Bosland
Chapter 9
Dietary Fat and Cancer Risk: The Rationale for Intervention.. ......................... 15 1
David P. Rose and Andrea Boyar
Index ................................................................................... 167
Volume I: Macron~ltrierzrs~ ltzdC ~tzcer l
Chapter 1
DIET AND GASTRIC CANCER
Pelayo Correa
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I . Introduction ....................................................................... 2
I1 . Why Diet? ........................................................................ 2
111 . The High Risk Diet ............................................................... 2
A . Animal Fats and Proteins .................................................. 3
B . Abundance of Complex Carbohydrates .................................... 3
C . Salads and Fruits .......................................................... 4
D . Salt ........................................................................ 4
. .
E . Nitrates and N~tr~t.e.s. .................................................... 5
IV . Etiologic Hypothesis .............................................................. 6
References ................................................................................ 8
