Table Of ContentDIET IMPACTS ON BRAIN AND MIND
Everybodyeats,and whatweeat –ordonot–affectsthebrainand
mind. There is significant general, applied, academic and industry
interest about nutrition and the brain, and yet there is much mis-
information and no single reliable guide. Diet Impacts on Brain and
Mind provides a comprehensive account of this emerging multi-
disciplinary science, exploring the acute and chronic impacts of
human diet on the brain and mind. It has a primarily human focus
andisbroadinscope,coveringwide-rangingtopics likebraindevel-
opment, whole diets, specific nutrients, research methodology and
foodasadrug.Itiswritteninanaccessibleformatandisofinterestto
undergraduate and graduate students studying nutritional neurosci-
enceand related disciplines,healthcareprofessionalswith anapplied
interest, industry researchers seeking topic overviews and interested
general readers.
. wasbornintheUKwherehecompleteda
degree in biology, and a master’s degree and a PhD in experimental
psychology.AftermovingtoAustralia,hehasworkedinbothapplied
andacademicsettings,withacurrentfocusontheimpactsofWestern-
styledietsonbrainandappetitivebehaviour.HeiscurrentlyProfessor
ofExperimentalPsychologyatMacquarieUniversity,Australia.
. is a clinical neuropsychologist, whose
research has focused on the links between diet and brain function,
particularly in young adults. She is Deputy Director of the Master
of Clinical Neuropsychology program at Macquarie University,
Australia, and works clinically in the Neurology Department at
Royal North ShoreHospital,Australia.
Published online by Cambridge University Press
Published online by Cambridge University Press
DIET IMPACTS ON BRAIN
AND MIND
RICHARD J. STEVENSON
MacquarieUniversity
HEATHER M. FRANCIS
MacquarieUniversity
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Contents
List of Figures page viii
List of Tables x
Preface and Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction
. Introduction
. BasicNutritionalConcepts
. BasicsofDigestionandRegulation
. Measurement
. WhattoIncludeandWhatNottoInclude
Pregnancy, Infancy and Development
. Introduction
. Breastfeeding
. WeaningandConsequencesofLackofExposuretoSolidFood
. Malnutrition:ImpactsonFoetalandChildDevelopment
. Overnutrition
. SpecificDeficienciesandSupplementation
. Conclusion
Acute Effects of Food Intake
. Introduction
. MealTimes
. PreparingtoEat
. AcuteEffectsofMacronutrients
. Conclusion
Chronic Effects of Food Intake: Western-Style Diets
. Introduction
. WS-DietModels
. WS-DietandCognition
v
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vi Contents
. EffectsofIndividualNutrientsonCognition
. PotentialMechanisms
. WS-DietandRiskofPsychiatric,Neurologicaland
NeurodegenerativeConditions
. Obesity:WeightandMetabolicEffectsonCognition–DietorBrain,
orBoth,asCause?
. Conclusions
Dietary Neurotoxins
. Introduction
. AcuteDietaryNeurotoxins
. ChronicDietaryNeurotoxins
. GeneralConclusion
Neuroprotective Effects of Diet
. Introduction
. MediterraneanDiet
. DietaryApproachestoStopHypertension(DASH)Diet
. Mediterranean-DASHDietInterventionforNeurodegenerative
Delay(MIND)
. KetogenicDiet
. NutritionalComponentsThatMayContributetoNeuroprotection
. Conclusions
Food-Related Drugs and Food as a Drug
. Introduction
. Alcohol
. Caffeine
. Theobromine
. Food
. GeneralConclusion
Starvation and Caloric Restriction in Adults
. Introduction
. AnimalStudies
. HumanStudies
Essential Nutrient Deficiencies in Adults
. Introduction
. Vitamins
. Minerals
. Macronutrients
. Conclusion
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Contents vii
Implications and Conclusions
. Introduction
. InterestingFindingsandThemesfromChaptersto
. FutureDevelopments
. GeneralConclusion
References
Index
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Figures
. Basics of energy metabolism page
. Development of the human brain
. A person with myxedematous iodine deficiency disorder
. Dose-response graph for the effects of glucose on learning
and memory
. Blood-glucose response across time following consumption
of white bread and beans
. Neuronal glucose usage. Source: Adapted from data presented
in McNay et al. ()
. Consequences of a WS-diet and its associated health condition
. The vicious cycle model of obesity, originally proposed by
Davidson and colleagues (Hargrave et al., b), suggests that
a WS-diet causes physiological changes to the hippocampus,
affecting hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions that are
involved in energy intake regulation and subsequently causing
increased consumption of this same diet
. A sclerotia (black claw) growing out of the seed head of
Rye grass
. Dairy cow exhibiting splayed stance typical of an animal
with bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)
. Upper panel – New cases of BSE in the UK over the last
years; lower panel – New cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob
disease (vCJD)
. Characteristic spongy appearance of the brain on post-mortem
of a cow with BSE
. Location of the Chisso factory and its discharge pipes
. Structural similarity of caffeine and adenosine
. Little change in reported hunger during a period of total fast.
Source: Data adapted from Silverstone et al. ()
viii
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List of Figures ix
. Hunger ratings increasing across a fast period. Source: Data
adapted from Johnstone ()
. Ratings of hunger (left panel) and of fullness (right panel)
taken at baseline and at follow-up in the control and calorie
restriction groups. Source: Data adapted from Anton
et al. ()
. Generation of vitamin B
. A person with pellagra
. Points of impact (ovals with diagonal lines) of vitamin B
deficiency on cellular metabolism and the routes to neuronal
cell death
. The gums of a person with scurvy
. The omega- and fatty acid synthesis pathways
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