Table Of ContentJozef Rovenský · Juraj Payer
Manfred Herold Editors
Dictionary of
Rheumatology
Second Edition
With contributions by:
Milan Bayer · Helena Tauchmannová
Miroslav Ferenčík† · Mária Kovařová
Zdenko Killinger · Lenka Franeková
Kamlesh Sheth
123
Dictionary of Rheumatology
Jozef Rovenský (cid:129) Juraj Payer (cid:129) Manfred Herold
Editors
Dictionary of Rheumatology
With contributions by:
Milan Bayer
Helena Tauchmannová
Miroslav Ferenčík†
Mária Kovařová
Zdenko Killinger
Lenka Franeková
Kamlesh Sheth
Second Edition
Editors
Jozef Rovenský Miroslav Ferenčík†
National Institute for Rheumatic Diseases Institute of Neuroimmunology
Piestany Slovak Academy of Sciences and
Slovakia Institute of Immunology
Faculty of Medicine Comenius University
Juraj Payer Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Fifth Department of Internal Medicine
Comenius University Mária Kovařová
University Hospital Institute of Physiotherapy
Bratislava Balneology and Therapeutic Rehabilitation
Slovakia University of SS Cyril and Methodius Trnava
Piestany, Slovak Republic
Manfred Herold
Department of Internal Medicine VI Zdenko Killinger
Medical University of Innsbruck 5th Department of Internal Medicine
Innsbruck Comenius University
Austria University Hospital
Bratislava, Slovakia
Contributors
Milan Bayer Lenka Franeková
Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove Department of Internal Medicine
Charles University First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University
Prague and Military University Hospital
Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
Helena Tauchmannová Kamlesh Sheth
National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases PharmacoMedics Limited
Piestany Leicester, UK
Slovak Republic
This publication is compiled primarily from the publications Revmatologický výkladový
slovník, Grada Publishing 2006 and Lexikón osteoporózy, Slovak Academic Press, 2007,
together with latest fi ndings.
Project management, translation and compilation work: Language Sense Ltd. (John Boyd),
Bratislava.
ISBN 978-3-319-21334-7 ISBN 978-3-319-21335-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21335-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949117
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
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Pref ace
This second edition of dictionary of rheumatology has been prepared after 6 years
as a quick reference source for the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of
rheumatic disorders and related immunology. Rheumatology is a well-recognised
specialty of medicine. Recently, due to many factors (the environment, new viral
diseases, genetics, increased life expectancy, improved diagnostic tests), an increase
in the incidence and prevalence of rheumatological disorders has been witnessed.
Rheumatology has close relationships with a number of medical specialties and
health professionals, such as orthopaedic surgery, sports medicine, neurology,
immunology and osteoporosis as well as clinical rheumatology nurses, physiothera-
pists and occupational therapists, so we have endeavoured to collate some basic
knowledge from these fi elds. When compiling this dictionary, we have taken into
account the fact that an integral part of prevention and treatment of rheumatological
diseases includes rehabilitation. We therefore provided guidelines on how to pre-
vent the onset of functional damage and its progression towards increased disability.
We believe this dictionary will serve not only rheumatologists but also the many
related specialists, trainee doctors, health professionals and nurses involved in the
management of patients with disorders of the human musculoskeletal system.
T he early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatological disorders can help to
improve their prognosis, and we hope that this modest monograph will contribute to
a successful therapeutic management.
Jozef Rovenský
On behalf of all authors
v
Contents
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
vii
viii Contents
W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
A
AARD Abbreviation used sometimes for autoantibody associated rheumatic
diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS),
systemic sclerosis (SSc), polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM).
α -Antitrypsin A serum glycoprotein inhibiting proteolytic enzymes, such as tryp-
1
sin, chymotrypsin and elastase. It also acts as an acute phase protein. Its serum level
rises in infl ammatory diseases. The coding gene is located on the 14th chromosome,
where it can occur in form of 25 alleles. Some of them code for physiological prod-
ucts (PiMM phenotype), whilst others are related to pathological states, e.g. PiZZ
phenotype, which is often associated with emphysema, cirrhosis and cholelithiasis,
where its serum levels are diminished (α -antitrypsin defi ciency).
1
α-Fetoprotein An oncofoetal antigen that can be found in small concentrations in
normal human serum. Its level is high in the foetal serum, where presumably thanks
to its immunosuppressive effect, it participates in neonatal immunological toler-
ance. The α-fetoprotein level is also increased in sera of pregnant women when
foetal development is defective (central nervous system defects, immunodefi ciency
syndromes, gastrointestinal or other abnormalities). An increased serum level can
be found in patients with certain neoplastic disorders, especially hepatic cancer and
can be used as a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma.
α -Microglobulin (α M) A protein synthesised in the liver and present in blood,
1 1
serum and urine. Complexes of α M with monomeric immunoglobulin A (IgA)
1
participate in renal IgA nephropathy where the serum level of α M is also usually
2
increased.
α -Macroglobulin (α M) A serum glycoprotein working as inhibitor of a number
2 2
of proteases including thrombin, plasmin, kallikrein, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elas-
tase, collagenase and cathepsin B and G. α M is produced mainly by macrophages
2
and regulates the proteolytic balance in a number of extracellular processes that
exert their action mainly in blood coagulation, fi brinolysis and infl ammation. α M
2
and protease complexes are proteolytically inactive and are eliminated quickly (in
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1
J. Rovenský et al. (eds.), Dictionary of Rheumatology,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21335-4_1
