Dicibile e indicibile in meccanica quantistica

453 Pages·2010·4.047 MB·Italian

by  John S. Bell

Dall'indiezgilaoin nCii nquanftian aol lmao r­
te,a vvenunteal 1 990B,e lhia d edicagtroa n
partdee is uosit ud-io ggcio nsidefrraaitp ii ù
decisdievlis ecolsoc ors-oa if ondamednetli­
lam eccaniqcuaa ntisNteilc1 a9.8 7l aq uastio ­
talidteàis uolia vodriic ontenuftoon dazionale
ès tatraa ccoilntq au estloi brdoi,v enuotrom ai
unap ietmrial ianreelc ampoB.e lhia i nfartit­i
aperitlop roblecmhae s oggiaact eu tgtliai l tri:
qualree alptoàs siaamtot ribauiim raet tomnii­
croscopcihceic ostituislcaom naot eriUan?
problemcah es ip osep erl ap rimvao ltcao n
urgenznae ip rimdiu ed ecendneilN ovecento,
allorcih féi sifucrio noc ostredtatifi a tstpie ­
rimentaal cio nstatcahreea llmaa terimai ­
croscopniocnas ip otevaat tribuuniors ep e­
cific«od ovee» c hel al ogiac eas saap plicabile
cozzavvai olentemceonnit les enscoo muneA.
questsot atdoic osree agEìi nstecihnei, n sieme
a Podolsek yR osent raduslsoes trancoo m­
portamenptroe vispteor l ep articemlilcer o­
scopicihnue n a pparepnatrea dosisnos inteol la
teoriialp: a radosdseot tEoP R dallien izidaelii
lornoo miT.r ent'adnonpioB elrii analitzuztòt a
las ituaziEoPnRe, e sintetinzezlòl 'orfmaa­i
mosa« disuguagldiiaB nezlai u»n criteirni o
grad-oi nl inedaip rinci-pdiiod irimesrpee ­
rimentalmeinltp ea radossAol.a inA spect,
primdai a ltrpio,r taòv anlt'ie sperimaevnvtao­,
loranduon an ovitsàc onvolgepnatret:i celle
opportunampernetpea rsaitc eo mportacnoom e
sef osseurnoa c osas olaan chqeu andsoo no
separadtae d istanazreb itrariagmreanntdei .
Graziae q uesteac cezionraalcec odlits ac ritti,
ill ettosrceo pr,ic roànc rescesnttuep oriels, i ­
gnificadtilo o caleinttàa, ng/emeelnetm,e ndtii
realvtaàr,i abnialsic oset ael tcroes ceh eh anno
modificaitnom ,a niedrraa steip crao blematica,
l'immagcihneea bbiamdoe lm ondom ateriale.
BIBLIOTECAS CIENTIFICA
45

fohn
S.B ell
DICIBIEL IEN DICIBILE
INM ECCANICA
Q
DANTISTICA
IntrodduAizl iaAoisnnpe e ct
TradudziGi aobnrLeio erleen zini
Counn s agdgRiio od oFlfiog ari
eG iusTerpapuet teur
ADELPHIE DIZIONI
TITOLO ORIGINALE:
Sepakeaa nbUdlnp seaek abl
iQnu antMuehmca nics
Curar edaziondailM ea urizio Bruno
Sir ingrazia Diego Noja
perl ap reziocsoal laborazione
La traduziodneel l'opèesr taa trae alizzata
graziale c ontribudteolS EPS-SEGRETARIATO EUROPEO
PER LE PUBBLICAZIONI SCIENTIFICHE
ls PSI
E
''Ah''''%"' H 111'2 ......,• . ma
7-41023
ViaV ald 'Aposa Bologna
[email protected]
© 1987,9 91230,M0 AR4Y BELL
2010
© ADELPHI EDIZIONI S.P.A.M ILANO
WWW.ADELPHI.IT
ISBN 978-88-459-2463-7
INDICE
Unagu idaall leatd tiRu ordlaofF oi gari
eG iuseTprapuet teur
IX
Pefrazailoplniraeme ad izione
XXIX
Rinigraamzenti
XXXIII
Itnorduzfioohnneel s.aBe eclrolin uvdzoail one
quandtiAi lsatAisinpc eac t
xxxv
DICIBEII LNED ICIBILE
INM ECCANIQCUAAN TISTICA
l.S uplr obldeemlvala erb iinalais coste
inm eccaqnuiacnat istica 3
2.Su pla raddoiEs isnos teilnsk-oyPs-oeRdno 20
3.La' spemtotroad leelm lecac anqiucaan tist3i0c a
4.I ntrodaulzqliuaoe nset dieolvnlaeer inaabsicloi3s 8t e
5.S oggeotgtgtoet oe 53
Sulrliad uzdieoplna ec cthode 'ntodnae l
6.
modelClool edmia n-Hepp 59
7.L at eodreilael ses erliobciallii 69
8.L ocailnmi etcàc aqnuiacnati srtiicsap:o sta
alclrei tiche 85
9.C omien sneagrlea l arteirviitsàt retta 90
10G.l eis periEmiennsttie ilnsyR-k-oPsoedno 170
11L.at eodreilaml ias uornadeziE i veree tt
l'onpdiald oidt eaB roglie 132
12V.ar ialbiibleeic r aeu sàal loictale 132
13.F otoni da transizioni atomiche a cascata e
no-nlocqaulainttài stica 138
14.D eB rogliel-'Beoshpme,rd iemldelonapt poi a
fneditcuorsnac l etrai tareld maaa tat rice
densità 147
15.M eccaqnuiacnat isctoiscmao lpoegri 154
16I.c alzdiiBn eilr mtaneln an a tudrealr leaa lt1à48
17.S ull'siimbàpi oldsi telpii'l ootnad a 211
18D.i ciebi inldei ciinmb eiclcea qnuiacnat is2t42i ca
19.E sseriintb eiolqriui aan tidsectiai mcpai 292
20S.e pio ssmiobniddliei l mleac caqnuiacnati s2t41i ca
21C.o rrelEaPzRe id oinsit ribEuPzW ioni 261
22E.s isits oanlqotu ia ntici? 268
23.C onrtol a« misurnae»z io 286
24.L an oucvueillsei ne 312
Note 335
Biobgrfilaai 361
Idnidceneio mi 385
UNA GUAILDLALA E TTURA
DIR ODOLFOF IGAREI G IUSEPTPRAEU TTEUR
Oltarlepl raae zfiodnieB elall plrai mead izidoin e
questol asl eicborenodd,ia z isounlqelu,aa lceo ntdtoa
è
lap resetnrtaedo unzeci,o ntiuennaie n trodudzii one
AlaAsipne citd,te oareede sceutodrie unoe sdrpeieg­li
menctih viesa uggie rdiat rqiunevnlaoltaaan aldiefiso in ­
dameidn etlmleac caqnuiacnat iisnrttaipcrdaea Bs eaal l
partirea ndnSaieg slsia ntaf.ar iAsspaelqciutre esa t­aa
nallii'sniid zeilocl oas idsdeectotarn iodvlau ziqouanne­
tisets iotctoal iunnesaav oslitonalg anreels lvloiu psptoo ­
ridceol rliac eirnmc eac caqnuiacnat istica.
Le'sigdeicn hziaa arsiprefeont dtaiz idoenlatlleaio ria,
<t<estard»ap meernustieetgaB edHha,a a peritnaoft ti,
imprevlemdeinlbtasie t,r ada sav irlasupppiepdriii men­
taelt ie cnolaou gnisaco ird:ti< am < eatfissipcear iam­ent
le>s,>e counndraoe celnotceu z(iSohnoienm y1,894 )r e­
sac omunpqouses ianbcihlee dallraafi fnmaatgegzizoar e
tecnolcohhgeai pc ear measp saor,td aigrlaein nSiet tan­
tal,ar ealizezffateztiidoviena se p ericmheen tie rano sta­
pensaatpip,u nstoolc,oo mees periii mdeenoat Glei ­
ti
danxkeperinmeenten.
Quespteoc uleisaidrteeodl i bathtafii ntiopt eomr e ­t
ino mbraal ttreimc io ntdtuocrhihe a nno gluai dato
h·n·
Unagu idaallle at tura
x
ricedriBc easl ulfi on damie nceth pee rcortruotgntloii
sctrtriia ccionql uteisl tiobAn rcoo.r aa ritni dceolfill­ia
ned egalninO it tadnitap ,o cpor ecedleasn umtaoi r te
imrpovvsiaB,e lrli blaadc ìo nvinczhileoam n eec canica
quantniosatnevi scasane c olrsoat adtiuu nsta e ofirsiiac a
pridviaa m bigpuuigrti àu,d icuannfada otnlaacs atm iac­
chipneair cl a lcdoellpolr eo pàrd ieelmtlaat earl iiav ello
microcsoc.o pi
Ille ttore tnreogsvlcetirrt ciàio ntiei nnqu utesltiob ro
siaan alisi qtueacnntiistciahpateu i ndvtievi ,i setpatie s­
mologei,c fica tmoe,t afinsoincois,tal nost cehm eirrsi
de
de'lualtosruev ,a raist ptedie ldleas cridzeilolnae realtà
fornidtaa lmleac caqnuiacnat istica
L'iunbdbdiiafif coàl,t ma speeslsaeong zdaaen,lc ­he
la'rgomentmaaztieomnaemt einrctear ,a llegglraied r­à
dettaii l avocrhaierv, a nnaoc ceisnus nou nivcool ume
alqluaa tsoit adleioltplàe' driaB elilna mbiftonod a­zio
nalneo,nd istognlesi iearcmàeo,r tliet,to rnieol ns pe­
cialiiqlsu taa«l aesl,t alnefdor om ue>l>p,ot rcào munque
furirdee gilnin urmeevborlaidn iis scioavrcic,a ttei vanti
sorprendenctoeesmspeian artp seri o fusioovnuen que
netie sQtueis.gt uai dad uhnaql uose c odpifo orn iruen a
protstpiecvhfaeca iil icltoal locdaezciio onntcfeieon tda­
menatldie lmleac canqiucaan tiisnrti eclaa zaigolnie
inatctoernsitib auq tuie sfortnai dtia lle daiBn eallli.s i
Inp artisceolganraell eearn eamlcoir siitd iiac lhceu ne
idecehs et ananlol ad eblailsneat erprdeetlamlzeai­co ne
canica qugaennteirsatlaimccetcante tadeta alc loam u­ni
tàd egslcii enlzaci oastiitd,aid netterpredti azCioopnee­
naghen, cdoias lìtr ricemo amisent veea clde i fuori del
mairnesatm.
Trqau e:s te
-ld'eicah ies istmeimcir os(c<i<onpdiic»cii)a bc iqluii­
stirneoal «tidàc i'bs'io lleo qmuiasnudroma atcorrois copi­
crii lvaenivo al odrie lglrea ndfieszizacel h oera os sociate;
- lpar opocshtleaa c oscideenlzslae'v raotsoproes sa
aveurneq ualrcuhoenl eodl e finliarr eea dletsiài stemi
microscopici;
-lad iuffscao nivnziaorngeo,tm aetqnau alvcohlet a