Diabetes Complications, Comorbidities and Related Disorders

729 Pages·2018·13.951 MB·English

by  Enzo Bonora, Ralph A. DeFronzo

Endocrinology
Series Editor: Andrea Lenzi
Series Co-Editor: Emmanuele A. Jannini
Enzo Bonora
Ralph A. DeFronzo Editors
Diabetes
Complications,
Comorbidities and
Related Disorders
Endocrinology
SeriesEditor
AndreaLenzi
DepartmentofExperimentalMedicine
SectionofMedicalPathophysiology
FoodScienceandEndocrinology
SapienzaUniversityofRome
Rome,Italy
Series Co-Editor
EmmanueleA.Jannini
DepartmentofSystemsMedicine
UniversityofRomeTorVergata
Rome,Italy
Withinthehealthsciences,Endocrinologyhasanuniqueandpivotalrole.Thisold,
butcontinuouslynewscienceisthestudyofthevarioushormonesandtheiractions
and disorders in the body. The matter of Endocrinology are the glands, i.e., the
organsthatproducehormones,activeonthemetabolism,reproduction,foodabsorp-
tion and utilization, growth and development, behavior control, and several other
complex functions of the organisms. Since hormones interact, affect, regulate, and
control virtually all body functions, Endocrinology not only is a very complex
science,multidisciplinaryinnature,butisonewiththehighestscientificturnover.
KnowledgeintheEndocrinologicalsciencesiscontinuouslychangingandgrowing.
Infact,thefieldofEndocrinologyandMetabolismisonewherethehighestnumber
ofscientificpublicationscontinuouslyflourishes.Thenumberofscientificjournals
dealing with hormones and the regulation of body chemistry is dramatically high.
Furthermore,Endocrinologyisdirectlyrelatedtogenetics,neurology,immunology,
rheumatology, gastroenterology, nephrology, orthopedics, cardiology, oncology,
gland surgery, psychology, psychiatry, internal medicine, and basic sciences. All
thesefieldsareinterestedinupdatesinEndocrinology.
The aim of the MRW in Endocrinology is to update the Endocrinological matter
using the knowledge of the best experts in each section of Endocrinology: basic
endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, endocrinological oncology, pancreas withdia-
betes and other metabolic disorders, thyroid, parathyroid and bone metabolism,
adrenalsandendocrinehypertension,sexuality,reproduction,andbehavior.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/14021
(cid:129)
Enzo Bonora Ralph A. DeFronzo
Editors
Diabetes
Complications, Comorbidities and
Related Disorders
With95Figuresand64Tables
Editors
EnzoBonora RalphA.DeFronzo
DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes DiabetesDivision,DiabetesResearchUnit
andMetabolism UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenter
UniversityandHospitalTrustofVerona SanAntonio,TX,USA
Verona,Italy
ISSN2510-1927 ISSN2510-1935(electronic)
ISBN978-3-319-44432-1 ISBN978-3-319-44433-8(eBook)
ISBN978-3-319-45115-2(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44433-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018946561
#SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018
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Series Preface
IsthereanunmetneedforanewMRWseriesinEndocrinologyandMetabolism?It
might not seem so! The vast number of existing textbooks, monographs and
scientific journals suggest that the field of hormones (from genetic, molecular,
biochemical and translational to physiological, behavioral, and clinical aspects) is
one of the largest in biomedicine, producing a simply huge scientific output.
However,wearesurethatthisnewSerieswillbeofinterestforscientists,academics,
students,physiciansandspecialistsalike.
TheknowledgeinEndocrinologyandMetabolismalmostlimitedtothetwomain
(from an epidemiological perspective) diseases, namely hypo/hyperthyroidism and
diabetes mellitus, now seems outdated and closer to the interests of the general
practitioner than to those of the specialist. This has led to endocrinology and
metabolismbeingincreasinglyconsideredasasubsectionofinternalmedicinerather
thananautonomousspecialization.Butendocrinologyismuchmorethanthis.
Weareproposingthisseriesasthemanifestofor“Endocrinology2.0”,embrac-
ingthefieldsofmedicineinwhichhormonesplayamajorpartbutwhich,forvarious
historical and cultural reasons, have thus far been “ignored” by endocrinologists.
Hence, this MRW comprises “traditional” (but no less important or investigated)
topics: from the molecular actions of hormones to the pathophysiology and man-
agement of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic and gonadal diseases, as well as
lesscommonarguments.Endocrinology2.0is,infact,thescienceofhormones,but
it is also the medicine of sexuality and reproduction, the medicine of gender
differences and the medicine of wellbeing. These aspects of Endocrinology have
todatebeenconsideredoflittleinterest,astheyareyoungandrelativelyunexplored
sciences.Butthisisnolongerthecase.Thelargescientificproductioninthesefields
coupledwiththeimpressivesocialinterestofpatientsinthesetopicsisstimulatinga
newandfascinatingchallengeforEndocrinology.
The aim of the MRW in Endocrinology is thus to update the subject with the
knowledge of thebest expertsineach field: basic endocrinology, neuroendocrinol-
ogy, endocrinological oncology, pancreatic disorders, diabetes and other metabolic
disorders, thyroid, parathyroid and bone metabolism, adrenal and endocrine
v
vi SeriesPreface
hypertension, sexuality,reproductionandbehavior. Wearesure that thisambitious
aim, covering for the first time the whole spectrum of Endocrinology 2.0, will be
fulfilledinthisvastSpringerMRWinEndocrinologySeries.
AndreaLenzi,M.D.
SeriesEditor
EmmanueleA.Jannini,M.D.
SeriesCo-Editor
Volume Preface
Diabetesmellitusisassociatedwithmultiplemicrovascular(retinopathy,nephropa-
thy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (myocardial infraction,
stroke, amputation). While the microvascular complications result in considerable
morbidity,themacrovascularcomplicationsarethemajorcaseofmortality.Patients
with diabetes also experience a wide variety of other complications that affect all
organ systems in the body including dementia, typical as well as atypical opportu-
nistic infections, bone and joint disease, liver (NASH/NAFLD) and gall bladder
disease,increased incidenceofspecific malignancies, skin pathologies,andothers.
Themicrovascularandmacrovascularcomplicationscanbelinkedtohyperglycemia
and hypertension/dyslipidemia/insulin resistance, respectively, but the etiologic
factors responsible for many of the other diabetes-related complications remain to
beevaluated.Allorgansareafflictedbydiabetesandpreventingthisorgandamage
is essential to improve the quality of life of our diabetic patients, to reduce the
financialburdenthataccompaniesthesemanyvariedanddiversecomplications,and
topreventthedaysoflifethatarelostasaresultofthesecomplications.Asmuchas
80–90% of the direct cost of diabetes care is related to treatment of the chronic
complicationsofthedisease.
Inthisvolume,theacuteandchroniccomplicationsofdiabetesarereviewedand
theiretiologyandtreatmentarediscussedbyexpertsinthefield.Thereaderwillbe
impressed by the in-depth coverage of the pathophysiology of the individual com-
plicationsandthepragmaticapproachtotreattheirclinicalmanifestations.
Verona,Italy EnzoBonora
SanAntonio,TX,USA RalphA.DeFronzo
Editors
vii
Contents
1 DiabetesandObesity .................................... 1
MatthiasBlüherandMichaelStumvoll
2 DiabetesandDislipidemia ................................ 51
HenryN.Ginsberg,MaryamKhavandi,andGissetteReyes-Soffer
3 MetabolicSyndrome .................................... 71
ScottM.Grundy
4 HypertensionandDiabetes ............................... 109
ColleenMajewskiandGeorgeL.Bakris
5 DiabetesandtheCardiovascularSystem .................... 131
MauroRigato,GianPaoloFadini,andAngeloAvogaro
6 PathogenesisofMicrovascularComplications ................ 161
MogherKhamaisi,GeorgeL.King,KyoungminPark,andQianLi
7 DiabetesandtheKidney ................................. 203
AnnaSoliniandPietroCastellino
8 DiabetesandtheEye .................................... 231
MassimoPortaandJoséCunha-Vaz
9 DiabetesandtheNervousSystem .......................... 275
AaronI.Vinik,CarolinaCasellini,andSerinaNeumann
10 DiabeticFoot .......................................... 355
FrankLeeBowlingandAndrewJ.M.Boulton
11 DiabetesandCancer .................................... 377
RiccardoVigneriandLauraSciacca
12 BoneandDiabetes ...................................... 411
JakobStarup-LindeandSørenGregersen
13 DiabetesandtheSkin ................................... 437
P.Gisondi,A.C.Fostini,andG.Girolomoni
ix
x Contents
14 DiabetesandPeriodontalDisease .......................... 451
ThomasW.OatesandNamitaKhandelwal
15 DiabetesandSexualDisorders ............................ 473
MariaIdaMaiorino,GiuseppeBellastella,andKatherineEsposito
16 DiabetesandNAFLD ................................... 495
GiovanniTargher,AlessandroMantovani,andEnzoBonora
17 DiabetesSecondarytoPancreaticDiseases ................... 523
TeresaMezza,FrancescaCinti,andAndreaGiaccari
18 ImpactofDrugsonDiabetesRiskandGlycemicControl ....... 541
SimonaFrontoniandFabianaPicconi
19 DiabetesSecondarytoEndocrineDisordersandPCOS ........ 575
PaoloMoghetti
20 HyperglycemicCrises:DiabeticKetoacidosisandHyperglycemic
HyperosmolarState ..................................... 595
GuillermoE.Umpierrez
21 Hypoglycemia ......................................... 617
CarmineG.Fanelli,PaolaLucidi,GeremiaB.Bolli,and
FrancescaPorcellati
22 PregnancyandDiabetes ................................. 655
RikiBergel,EranHadar,YoelToledano,andMosheHod
23 Diabetes,Depression,andCognitiveDisorders ............... 689
RichardI.G.Holt
Index .................................................... 717