Dharmakirti's Pramanavarttika. An annotated translation of the fourth chapter (pararthanumana). Vol. 1

294 Pages·2000·7.25 MB·English

by  Tom J.F. Tillemans

TOM J. F. TILLEMANS
DHARMAKIRTI'S PRAMÄNAVÄRTTIKA
An annotated translation of the fourth chapter
(parärthänumäna) ,
Volume 1
(k. 1-148)
ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN
PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE
SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 675. BAND
Veröffentlichungen zu den Sprachen und Kulturen Südasiens
Heft 32
ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN
PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE
SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 675. BAND
DHARMAKIRTTS PRAMÄNAVÄRTTIKA
An annotated translation of the fourth chapter
(parärthänumäna)
Volume 1
(k. 1-148)
By
TOM J. F. TILLEMANS
VERLAG DER
ÖSTERREICHISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN
WIEN 2000
Vorgelegt von w. M. ERNST STEINKELLNER
in der Sitzung am 10. Dezember 1999
Gedruckt mit Unterstützung
des Elisabet de Boer Fund
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Tillemans, Tom J. F.:
Dharmakirti's Pramanavarttika : an annotated translation of the fourth chapter
(parärthänumäna) / by Tom J. F. Tillemans. - Wien : Verl. der Österr. Akad. der Wiss
Vol. 1. K. 1 -148. - 2000
(Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-
Historische Klasse ; Bd. 675)
(Veröffentlichungen zu den Sprachen und Kulturen Südasiens ; H. 32)
ISBN 3-7001-2885-1
Alle Rechte vorbehalten
ISBN 3-7001-2885-1
Copyright © 2000 by
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Wien
Druck: Ferdinand Berger & Söhne GesmbH., A-3580 Horn
Printed and bound in Austria
Table of Contents
Part I
Introductory Remarks, Bibliography and Abbreviations xi
Introductory Remarks xiii
Bibliography and Abbreviations xxiii
Part II
Dignäga's Root Text: PSV ad PS III, k. 1-2 1
Dignäga's Root Text: PSV ad PS III, k. 1-2 3
PS III, k. 1-2 3
PSV ad PS III, k. 1-2 3
Part III
PVIV, k. 1-148 ad PS III, k. 1-2.
Text, Translation, Explanatory Notes 7
1 On the nature of parärthänumäna:
PV IV, k. 1-27 ad PS III, k. 1 9
1.1 svadrsta: refuting a Sämkhya view of parärthänumäna . . . . .. 9
1.2 The word artha in Dignäga's phrase svadrstärtha . 24
1.3 On PS III, k. led: The thesis-statement is not a means of proof
(sädhana) 25
1.3.1 The thesis-statement only shows the goal of the reason
(hetvartha) 30
1.3.2 The fact that the thesis-statement shows the goal of the
reason does not mean that it is also a sädhana . . . . . .. 33
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.4 Against the Naiyäyika position on the thesis-statement 37
1.4.1 A reinterpretation of the fallacy of incompleteness (nyunata) 37
1.4.2 Critique of the Naiyäyika definition of a thesis 38
1.4.3 Critique of other Buddhists' attempts at refuting
the Naiyäyikas 41
2 The first half of the definition of the thesis:
PVIV, k. 28-90 ad PS III, k. 2ab 47
2.1 The purpose of the definition and the four characteristics of the
thesis 47
2.2 ista (intended): some general considerations 50
2.2.1 Does the word ista make the word svayam (himself) re­
dundant? 50
2.2.2 If the sädhya is just what is intended (ista), will Dignäga's
fourfold classification of contradictory reasons become
impossible? 52
2.3 ista: critique of the Sämkhya's proof of the uncomposed ätman . . 54
2.3.1 Vasubandhu's analysis of the proof of the actually intended
thesis 54
2.3.2 Absurd consequences of the thesis being just what the
Sämkhya explicitly said, rather than what he intended . .. 56
2.4 ista: refutation of the Cärväka's reasoning concerning "having a
companion" (sadvitiyaprayoga) 57
2.5 svayam: scripture and reason 68
2.5.1 Summary of Dharmaklrti's position 68
2.5.2 If everything accepted in a treatise is also what is be­
ing proved (sädhya), there would be the absurd conse­
quence that valid logical reasons would become contra­
dictory reasons (viruddhahetu) 70
2.5.3 The general role of treatises and scripture in logical argu­
mentation 78
2.5.4 Does engaging in logical debate presuppose that one holds
the tenets found in the treatise of some philosophical school? 83
2.5.5 viruddhahetu again 86
2.5.6 Does the proponent commit a fault in merely stating some­
thing leading to a contradiction with the treatise he accepts? 89!
2.5.7 A false parallel with antinomic reasons
(viruddhävyabhicärin) 92
vii
2.5.8 Properties having a necessary connection (sambandha) with
the sädhya should not be negated by a valid logical rea- ^
son, but all others can be negated with impunity 96
2.5.9 Against some co-religionists' positions on the role of trea­
tises in logical argumentation 100
2.6 svayam: refuting rival Buddhist exegeses of PS III, k. 2b . . . .. 103
2.6.1 A co-religionist's view: properties mentioned in the trea­
tise are being proved; svayam guarantees that the treatise
is the one which the proponent accepts now 103
2.6.2 Dharmaklrti's own position 106
2.6.3 Refuting another Buddhist view, viz., that svayam ensures
that the subject is commonly recognized (prasiddha) . . . 107
2.6.4 Against the view that svayam is to ensure that the subject
is not something to be proved (sädhya) 109
2.6.5 Continuation of the argument: the function of the thesis-
definition and a comparison of the Pramänasamuccaya's
and Nyäyamukha's definitions 115
2.6.6 Resume 121
3 The second half of the definition of the thesis:
PVIV, k. 91-148 ad PS III, k. 2cd 125
3.1 anirakrta: the thesis is unopposed by any means of valid cognition
(pramäna) 125
3.2 The thesis is unopposed by authorities (äpta) 129
3.2.1 Why Dignäga treated both treatises and one's own per­
sonal speech together under the category of authorities
(äpta) 129
3.2.2 pratibandhaka versus bädhaka 138
3.2.3 The reason why äpta was specified separately from infer­
ence 143
3.2.4 Other similarities between one's own words and treatises . 147
3.3 The thesis is unopposed by what is commonly recognized
(prasiddha) 153
3.3.1 The unrestricted fitness of words (yogyatä) to designate
whatever speakers intend them to designate 162
3.3.2 Fitness taken objectively (vastutas) 165
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.3.3 The first interpretation of asädhäranatva in PSV: any rea­
soning the realist might make to restrict the fitness of words
will incur the fault of being over-exclusive 167
3.3.4 More on the interpretation of the term säbdaprasiddha in
PSV: avoidance of antinomic reasons (viruddhävyabhicära) 170
3.3.5 A second interpretation of asädhäranatva in PSV: any in­
ference which the Buddhist might make to prove to the
realist that words are used in such and such a way will be
over-exclusive 172
3.3.6 Against a rival Buddhist interpretation of asädhäranatva . 176
3.3.7 Conventional acknowledgment (pratiti) is a type of infer­
ence and establishes unrestricted use of words 185
3.3.8 Why this inference received a separate treatment in PS III,
k.2cd 186
3.4 The thesis is unopposed by perceptible objects (pratyaksartha) . . 189
3.4.1 The word artha in pratyaksartha 189
3.4.2 The choice of the word "audible" (srävana) in PSV Ill's
example 191
3.5 The specification svadharmini in PS Ill's definition of the thesis . 194
3.5.1 The thesis is invalidated when the proponent's intended
subject fails to exist 198
3.5.2 svadharmin versus kevaladharmin 201
3.5.3 A thesis showing that the Vaisesika's version of space is
nonexistent only proves nonexistence of a kevaladharmin,
and hence does not incur self-refutation 202
3.5.4 A parallel case to that of the Vaisesika argument occurs
when refuting the Sämkhya's notion of sukhädi 205
3.5.5 Conclusions and summary 209
Part IV
Appendices 211
A An Extract from Jinendrabuddhi's PramänasamuccayatTkä
commenting on PSV's words säbdaprasiddha and
asädhäranatväd anumänäbhäve 213
A.l English Translation 213
IX
A.2 Tibetan Text of the Extract from the Pramanasamuccayatika
(PST P. 163a2-164a4; D. 142a5-143a5) . * . . . . .. 7 216
B Dharmakirti on prasiddha and yogyatä 219
C Corrections to Y. MIYASAKA'S edition of the Tibetan text of
Pramänavärttika IV, k. 1-148 229
Part V
Indices 233
Sanskrit terms 235
Tibetan terms 245
Index locorum 248