Developments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases: Based on a symposium sponsored by the Committee on Alloy Phases of the Institute of Metals Division, the Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers,

296 Pages·1969·10.93 MB·English

by  W. B. Pearson (auth.)

B.C. Giessen E ditor
Developments in the
Structural Chemistry
of Alloy Phases
Based on a symposium sponsored by the Committee
on Alloy Phases of the Institute of Metals Division,
the Metallurgical Society, American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers,
Cleveland, Ohio, October, 1967
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY
OF ALLOY PHASES
The Metallurgical Society of AlME Proceedings
published by Plenum Press
1968-Refractory Meta! Alloys: Metallurgy and Techno1ogy
Edited by I. Machlin, R. T. Begley, and E. D. Weisert
1969-Research in Dental and Medical Materials
Edited by Edward Korostoff
1969-Deve1oJ>ments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases
Edited by B. C. Giessen
A Publication of The Metallurgical Society of AlME
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE
STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY
OF ALLOY PHASES
Basedon a symposium sponsored by the Committee on Alloy Phases of
the Institute of Metals Division, The Metallurgical Society, American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Cleveland,
Ohio, October, 1967.
Edited by
B. C. GIESSEN
Department of Chemistry
Northeastern University
Boston, Massachusetts
and
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
<:f>
Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC 1969
ISBN 978-1-4899-5566-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-5564-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-5564-7
© 1969 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. in 1969.
Softcoverreprint of the bardeover Ist edition 1969
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77 · 94080
FOREWORD
A basic problern in the structural chernistry of alloy phases
concerns the relative stability of observed and hypothetical
phases with different compositions (which determines the
constitution diagram) and crystal structures. The classical
approach to this question has been the application (mostly
qualitative) of several concepts, such as geometrical factors,
electron concentrations (using a nurober of counting schernes),
electronegativities, etc. Fundamentally, these concepts involve
simplified aspects of a complete quantum mechanical description of
the behavior of all electrons in the crystal; to be valid, they
must be compatible with the quantum mechanical foundations as well
as with the experimental experience. At present, the complete
description cannot be carried out exactly; however, it lies hidden
behind the various concepts used. The latter are somewhat
rerniniscent of the parts of the legendary elephant which is only
insufficiently described by its trunk, legs or tail. The maj.ority
of current treatments use only the aforementioned criteria,
although encouraging atternpts have been made to treat the structural
problern in its entirety.
There has been continued growth of the literature; this includes
crystal structure determinations, which have been extended to
metastable or highly complex alloy phases, electronic measurements,
and frequently successful correlations of these properties with
ernpirical concepts. The need persists to collect and review this
information. The present volume offers comprehensive treatments
of selected areas of structural alloy chemistry in which considerable
progress has been made in recent years. The reviews are written
from the varied Standpoints of the physicist, ehernist or materials
scientist; for the reasons given above, the treatment is, of
necessity, largely descriptive.
The content of the book is loosely composed of three sections
of related content. In the first section, which deals essentially
with physical concepts underlying structure formation, there is an
introductory paper representing the physicist's viewpoint. Next,
an exposition of the controversial Engel-Erewer theory is given,
with two written discussions on the problern of the NaTl structure,
followed by a paper on the concept of partial valence electron
concentration.
V
vi FOREWORD
In the secend section, geometrical and chemical considerations
are emphasized. It is composed of two papers in which extensive
crystallographic work on complex alloy phases is reviewed.
In the third section, there are surveys of alloy phase
families related by common structure types, common constituent
elements, or the common criterion of metastability. First,
interstitial campeund phases are treated; next, actinide compounds
are discussed systematically. Finally, a listing of terminal and
intermediate nonequilibrium alloy phases is given.
The contributions in this volume are based on a symposium
organized by the Committee on Alloy Phases, Institute of Metals
Division, the Metallurgical Society, American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. The Symposium was held on
October 16, 1967, in Cleveland, Ohio. In addition to the authors
listed, Dr. A. U. MacRae of the Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Murray Hill, New Jersey, presented a paper on "Surface Structures
by Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)" which was withdrawn from
the proceedings at the author's request. The editor is grateful
for the advice and cooperation of members of the committee,
especially Messrs. Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr., whose active help is
sincerely appreciated, Paul A. Beck, and W. B. Pearson, as well as
J. F. Smith and Austin Dwight who assisted in the planning of this
symposium; Mr. Dwight also chaired one of its sessions. The
editor is pleased to acknowledge partial financial support by the
Office of Naval Research and editorial assistance by Mr. Dan
Szymanski; he thanks Mr. J. V. Richards, Secretary of the
Metallurgical Society and Mr. H. Hutchins, editor of the Journal of
Metals for their efforts. Finally, he thanks the authors whose
contributions made this symposium possible.
CONTRIBUTORS
Lawrence H. Bennett
Metallurgy Division, Institute for Materials Research,
National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland
A. E. Dwight
Metallurgy Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne,
Illinois
B. C. Giessen
Departrnent of Chernistry, Northeastern University,
Boston, Massachusetts, and Departrnent of Metallurgy and
Materials Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Carnbridge, Massachusetts
Niels N. Engel
Division of Metallurgy, School of Chernical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
E. Parthe
School of Metallurgy and Materials Science, and Labaratory
for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
W. B. Pearson
Division of Pure Physics, National Research Council of Canada,
Ottawa, Canada
Sten Sarnson
Gates and Crellin Laboratories of Chernistry, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
Clara B. Shoernaker
Departrnent of Chernistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Carnbridge, Massachusetts
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
David P. Shoemaker
Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts
H. H. Stadelmaier
Department of Engineering Research, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina
OFF I CERS
Committee on Alloy Phases*
K. A. Gschneidner, Jr., Chairman
Institute of Metals Division*
M. E. Fine, Chairman
J. A. Fellows, Past Chairman
D. J. McPherson, Senior Vice Chairman
J. H. Rizley, Vice Chairman
V. H. Branneky, Secretary-Treasurer
The Metallurgical Society of AIME*
J. H. Jackson, President
A. E. Lee, Jr.' Past President
M. Tenenbaum, Vice President
c. c. Long, Treasurer
J. V. Richards, Secretary
*Officers at time of the Conference
ix