Table Of ContentDevelopments in Antenna
Analysis and Design
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Developments in Antenna
Analysis and Design
Volume 1
Edited by
Raj Mittra
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbySciTechPublishing,animprintofTheInstitutionofEngineeringand
Technology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2019
Firstpublished2018
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Contents
Preface xi
1 Applications of the characteristic mode theory to antennadesign 1
Ting-Yen Shih and Nader Behdad
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Background 1
1.1.2 Characteristic mode theory 1
1.2 Antenna designexamples using the characteristic mode theory 6
1.2.1 Circularly polarized antennas 7
1.2.2 Wideband antennas 11
1.2.3 Chassis-based MIMOantennas 12
1.2.4 Bandwidth enhancement of platform-based antennas 15
1.3 Summary 31
References 32
2 Design of antennasmountedoncomplex platformsusing
the characteristic mode (CM) andcharacteristic basis(CB)
functionmethods 35
Raj Mittra, Ashwani Kumar,and ChaoLi
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 TCMapproach to designing antennas for mobile phone platforms 37
2.3 Characteristic basis method for locating antennas on
mobile phone platforms 42
2.4 Placement of multiple antennas ona complex platform 45
2.4.1 TCM-based approach 45
2.4.2 CB-based approach 50
2.5 Illustrative examples 52
2.5.1 Fourmicrostrip patch antennas onan FR4substrate 52
2.5.2 Topside of a ship excited by monopoles 55
2.5.3 FourPIFAantennas on FR4substrate 57
2.5.4 Chassis excited bysix dipoles 58
2.6 Conclusion 62
Acknowledgment 63
Appendix 64
Appendix A1 Characteristic modes and bases 64
A1.1 Generation of characteristic modes (CMs) 64
A1.2 Generation of CBs 64
vi Developments in antenna analysis and design, volume 1
Appendix A2 73
A2.1 TCManalysis of mobile phone antenna
and antenna-plus-platform 73
References 74
3 WidebandL-probe patchantenna 77
HauWahLai and Kwai ManLuk
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 Basic characteristics 78
3.2.1 L-probe feeding mechanism 78
3.2.2 M-probe feeding mechanism 83
3.3 Parametric studies 91
3.3.1 Performance with different P 91
h
3.3.2 Performance with different aspect ratio 93
3.4 Development of L-probe and M-probe fed patch antenna 97
3.4.1 Circular polarization 97
3.4.2 Dual polarization 98
3.4.3 Dual band 99
3.4.4 Conformal ground plane 99
3.4.5 Printed circuit board 100
3.4.6 Fusionof the L-probe and M-probein antenna design 100
3.5 Conclusion 103
References 103
4 Advancementsin MIMO antennasystems 109
MohammadS.Sharawi
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 MIMOantenna system performancemetrics 110
4.3 Major MIMOantenna system design challenges 115
4.4 MIMOantenna system examples 116
4.4.1 Mobile phones and handheld devices 116
4.4.2 Cognitive radio front-ends 119
4.4.3 USBdongle MIMOimplementations 120
4.4.4 Wireless access point MIMOimplementations 121
4.5 MIMOantenna solutions for 5G-enabled systems 122
4.5.1 Mobile terminal 5Gsolutions 122
4.5.2 Base station 5G solutions 122
4.6 Conclusions 123
References 124
5 Reconfigurable leaky-wave antennas 129
Yingjie Jay Guo,DebabrataK. Karmokar,and TrevorS. Bird
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 History of LWAs 130
5.2.1 Basic operating principle 130
Contents vii
5.2.2 Classification of LWAs 131
5.3 Passive frequency-scanning LWA structures 132
5.3.1 One-dimensional (1-D) Fabry–Pe´rot LWA 132
5.3.2 Composite right/left-handed transmission line and LWA 135
5.3.3 Half-width microstrip LWA 137
5.4 Reconfigurable LWAs 138
5.4.1 1-DFP-reconfigurable LWAs 138
5.4.2 Two-dimensional (2-D)FP-reconfigurable LWA 146
5.5 Experimental results 149
5.5.1 CRLH-based reconfigurable LWA 152
5.5.2 Reconfigurable half-width microstrip LWA 156
5.6 Conclusion 167
References 168
6 Reconfigurable high-gainantennasfor wireless communications 171
Yingjie Jay Guo,Pei-Yuan Qin,and Raj Mittra
6.1 Introduction 171
6.2 Reconfigurable array antennas 172
6.3 Reconfigurable PRSantennas 182
6.3.1 Frequency-reconfigurable PRSantenna 182
6.3.2 Pattern-reconfigurable PRSantenna 183
6.3.3 Polarization-reconfigurable PRSantenna 189
6.4 Conclusions 197
References 197
7 Microfluidically reconfigurable antennas 203
Gokhan Mumcu
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Fabrication and actuation techniques 205
7.3 Flexible and stretchable liquid metal antennas 210
7.4 Frequency-reconfigurable liquid metal antennas 213
7.5 Reconfigurable antennas usingdielectric liquids 220
7.6 Beam-steerable liquid metal antennas 224
7.7 Reconfigurable antennas usingmicrofluidically
repositionable metallized plates 227
7.8 Concluding remarks 236
References 237
8 Flexible andwearable antennas 243
MuhammadM. Tahseen and Ahmed A. Kishk
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Wearable antennas for biomedical applications 246
8.3 AMC-basedflexible wearable antennas 247
8.4 Inkjet-printed wearable antennas 249
viii Developments in antenna analysis and design, volume 1
8.5 Textile-based wearable antennas 250
8.5.1 Single-and multi-layer multi-Bowtie conformal antennas 250
8.5.2 Dielectric resonator antennas for wearable application 253
8.5.3 Wearable artistic antennas for WLAN-band 255
References 271
9 Wearable technology andmobile platform for wearable
antennasfor humanhealthmonitoring 279
Vijay K.Varadan,Pratyush Rai, Se ChangOh,
Prashanth Shyam Kumar,Mouli Ramasamy,
andRobert E. Harbaugh
9.1 Introduction 280
9.2 Smart textile for health monitoring 282
9.3 Electrical signalsfrom the brain and heart 286
9.4 Cardiovascular anatomy and electrophysiology 291
9.4.1 The dipole theory for ECG 294
9.4.2 Derivationof ECG from dipole vector 296
9.5 Monitoring and diagnosis:neurological signal measurements 298
9.6 Monitoring and diagnosis:cardiological signal
measurementsof diagnostic value 302
9.7 Monitoring systems 307
9.8 Neurological disorder monitoring by wearable
wireless nano-bio-textile sensors 311
9.9 Cardiovascular health monitoring 327
9.9.1 Hardware system 328
9.9.2 ECG signal acquisition 329
9.10 Biofeedback system for therapeutics 337
9.11 Conclusion 340
References 341
10 Meta-atoms andartificially engineered materials
for antennaapplications 351
Ravi KumarArya, Shiyu Zhang,Shaileshachandra Pandey,
Ashwani Kumar,YiannisVardaxoglou,
William Whittow, and Raj Mittra
10.1 Introduction 351
10.2 Lens designs usingMTMs 353
10.3 Lens design usingRO 355
10.4 3D-Printing technique 356
10.5 Design of artificially engineered materials 357
10.5.1 Designing higher-permittivity materials from
low-permittivity COTSmaterial: method-1 358
10.5.2 Designing higher-permittivity materials from
low-permittivity COTSmaterial: method-2 359
