Developmental Genetics of the Flower

615 Pages·2006·10.11 MB·English

by  Douglas E. Soltis

Advances in
BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology
VOLUME 44
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF THE FLOWER
Advances in
BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology
Editor-in-Chief
J. A. CALLOW School of Biosciences,
The University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, United Kingdom
Editorial Board
J. S. HESLOP-HARRISON University of Leicester,
United Kingdom
M. KREIS Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay,
France
R. A. LEIGH University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, United Kingdom
P. R. SHEWRY IACR-Long Ashton Research
Station, United Kingdom
D. E. SOLTIS University of Florida at
Gainesville, USA
Advances in
BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF THE FLOWER
Edited by
DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS
DepartmentofBotany, University ofFlorida,
Gainesville, Florida, United States
JAMES H. LEEBENS-MACK
DepartmentofPlant Biology,
The University of Georgia,Athens,
Georgia, UnitedStates
PAMELA S. SOLTIS
Florida MuseumofNatural History,
University ofFlorida, Gainesville,
Florida, UnitedStates
Series Editor
J. A. CALLOW
Schoolof Biosciences, University ofBirmingham,
Birmingham, UnitedKingdom
VOLUME 44
2006
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ISBN-13:978-0-12-005944-7
ISBN-10:0-12-005944-4
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CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORSTOVOLUME44 .......................................... xi
CONTENTSOFVOLUMES34–43............................................ xv
Angiosperm Floral Evolution: Morphological Developmental Framework
PETER K. ENDRESS
I. Introduction........................................................... 2
II. Development:FromFloralPrimordiumtoFlower—Contingencyofthe
PrimaryMorphologicalSurface.......................................... 4
III. Evolution:FromSimpletoComplexFlowers—Contingencyofthe
DevelopmentalProgram ................................................ 6
IV. FloralOrgansasModules,OrganCategories(OrganIdentity),and
TheirEvolution........................................................ 7
V. FloralPhyllotaxis...................................................... 15
VI. FloralSymmetry....................................................... 20
VII. Angiospermy:CarpelClosureandModesofSealing ........................ 23
VIII. PostgenitalCoherence .................................................. 25
IX. Synorganization ....................................................... 26
X. PlasticityofOrganForminDevelopmentShapedbyFloralArchitecture
orbyContiguousParts................................................. 35
XI. ArchitecturalExtremes.................................................. 37
XII. AnInnovationofFlexibility:EscapefromConstraintsofSynorganized
FlowersinCoreEudicots—IncreaseofStamenNumberandDecouplingof
SequenceofInitiationofStamensandCarpelsbyRingMeristems............ 39
XIII. PotentialPitfallsofGeneralizationsfromModelPlants...................... 43
XIV. ConclusionsandQuestions.............................................. 45
References............................................................ 46
Recent Developments Regarding the Evolutionary Origin of Flowers
MICHAEL W. FROHLICH
I. Introduction........................................................... 64
II. WhatNeedstoBeExplainedfortheOriginoftheFlower?................... 71
III. ImportantAttributesoftheAncestralFlower.............................. 74
IV. WhatShouldaTheoryDo? ............................................. 77
V. TheAnthophyteTheory ................................................ 78
VI. MolecularPhylogeneticAnalysesofSeedPlantsUnderminethe
AnthophyteTheory .................................................... 79
VII. TheMostlyMaleTheory................................................ 95
vi CONTENTS
VIII. AlternativesandModificationsoftheMostlyMaleTheory................... 104
IX. BaumandHileman’sScenarioforFlowerOrigins........................... 107
X. Doyle’sCaytonia–GlossopteridModelfortheOriginoftheCarpel ............ 108
XI. Meyen’sGametoheterotopyTheory(andKrassilov’s(1997)Book)............. 110
XII. DoubleFertilizationandFriedmanandWilliams’ModularScenario........... 112
XIII. OverallConclusions..................................................... 116
References............................................................. 116
Duplication, Diversification, and Comparative Genetics of Angiosperm
MADS-Box Genes
VIVIAN F. IRISH
I. Introduction........................................................... 130
II. RationaleforExploringMADS-BoxGeneDiversification.................... 131
III. FlowerMorphologiesAcrosstheAngiosperms.............................. 132
IV. PerianthDiversityAcrosstheMajorCladesofAngiosperms.................. 135
V. HowDidtheGeneticMechanismsControllingTheseNew
MorphologiesEvolve?................................................... 136
VI. EvolutionofAP3andPIFunction........................................ 147
VII. HowDoWeFunctionallyAnalyzeMADS-BoxGenesinNonmodelSpecies? ... 148
VIII. Prospects.............................................................. 150
References............................................................. 151
Beyond the ABC-Model: Regulation of Floral Homeotic Genes
LAURA M. ZAHN, BAOMIN FENG AND HONG MA
I. Introduction:TheABC-Model ........................................... 164
II. RegulatorsofA-Function ............................................... 170
III. RegulatorsofB-Function................................................ 173
IV. RegulatorsofC-Function................................................ 181
V. SummaryandPerspectives............................................... 194
References............................................................. 196
Missing Links: DNA-Binding and Target Gene Specificity of
Floral Homeotic Proteins
RAINER MELZER, KERSTIN KAUFMANN AND
GU¨NTER THEIßEN
I. Introduction........................................................... 210
II. BindingofMADS-DomainProteinstoDNA............................... 211
III. LearningfromHomeodomainProteinsinAnimals.......................... 214
IV. CArGGalore:WhatFor? ............................................... 216
V. DNABending ......................................................... 217
CONTENTS vii
VI. DoestheProteinConcentrationMatter?................................... 219
VII. Protein–ProteinInteractions:ElectiveAffinities............................. 221
VIII. TargetGenes:HintsforTargetGeneSpecificity?........................... 227
IX. EvolutionaryImplications:NothingintheMADSWorldMakesSenseExcept
intheLightofTargetGeneSpecificity.................................... 228
References............................................................ 230
Genetics of Floral Development in Petunia
ANNEKE RIJPKEMA, TOM GERATS AND
MICHIEL VANDENBUSSCHE
I. Introduction........................................................... 238
II. TheTransitiontoFlowering............................................. 243
III. MeristemIdentityGenes:InflorescenceandFlowerArchitecture.............. 247
IV. FloralOrganIdentityDetermination...................................... 251
V. Conclusions........................................................... 268
References............................................................ 270
Flower Development: The Antirrhinum Perspective
BRENDAN DAVIES, MARIA CARTOLANO AND
ZSUZSANNA SCHWARZ-SOMMER
I. Introduction........................................................... 280
II. TheControlofFloralIdentity:WheretheDifferencesBegin ................. 281
III. The(A)BC-Model:PastDiscoveriesandCurrentProblems................... 282
IV. InflorescenceandFloralArchitecture..................................... 298
V. FloralSymmetry....................................................... 303
VI. FloralColor,Scent,andCellShape:TheSkillsofAntirrhinumto
AttractPollinators ..................................................... 308
VII. Outlook .............................................................. 312
References............................................................ 315
Floral Developmental Genetics of Gerbera (Asteraceae)
TEEMU H. TEERI, MIKA KOTILAINEN, ANNE UIMARI,
SATU RUOKOLAINEN, YAN PENG NG, URSULA MALM,
EIJA PO¨LLA¨NEN, SUVI BROHOLM, ROOSA LAITINEN,
PAULA ELOMAA AND VICTOR A. ALBERT
I. Introduction........................................................... 324
II. GerberaMADS-BoxGenes.............................................. 331
III. GerberaGenomics...................................................... 343
viii CONTENTS
IV. TheGerberaCapitulum ................................................. 344
V. Conclusions ........................................................... 347
References............................................................. 347
Gene Duplication and Floral Developmental Genetics of Basal Eudicots
ELENA M. KRAMER AND ELIZABETH A. ZIMMER
I. Introduction........................................................... 354
II. EvolutionandMorphologyoftheEudicots ................................ 354
III. GeneticsofFloralOrganIdentityinModelSpecies.......................... 357
IV. GeneDuplicationsWithintheBasalEudicotGrade ......................... 362
V. GeneDuplicationsintheEarlyBranchesoftheEudicotRadiation:
TheRanunculales ...................................................... 373
VI. Summary.............................................................. 375
References............................................................. 376
Genetics of Grass Flower Development
CLINTON J. WHIPPLE AND ROBERT J. SCHMIDT
I. Introduction........................................................... 386
II. GrassFloralMorphology................................................ 388
III. GeneticsofGrassFlowerDevelopment.................................... 390
IV. PhysicalInteractionsamongMADS-BoxProteins:FunctionandEvolution..... 404
V. TheGrassFamilyasaModelSystemforEvo-Devo......................... 408
VI. Conclusions ........................................................... 415
References............................................................. 417
Developmental Gene Evolution and the Origin of Grass
Inflorescence Diversity
SIMON T. MALCOMBER, JILL C. PRESTON,
RENATA REINHEIMER, JESSIE KOSSUTH
AND ELIZABETH A. KELLOGG
I. Introduction........................................................... 426
II. Methods .............................................................. 434
III. MorphologicalVariationandMolecularEvolutionofGenesin
GrassInflorescences .................................................... 437
IV. Conclusions ........................................................... 468
References............................................................. 472
CONTENTS ix
Expression of Floral Regulators in Basal Angiosperms and the Origin and
Evolution of ABC-Function
PAMELA S. SOLTIS, DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS, SANGTAE KIM,
ANDRE CHANDERBALI AND MATYAS BUZGO
I. Introduction........................................................... 484
II. SummaryoftheABC-Model ............................................ 485
III. AlternativestotheABC-Model.......................................... 486
IV. ExpressionofFloralRegulatorsinBasalAngiosperms ...................... 489
V. CorrespondenceBetweenExpressionPatternsandFloralMorphology......... 493
VI. NewInsightsintotheEvolutionofNovelFloralStructures.................. 494
VII. DerivationoftheABC-Model ........................................... 495
VIII. FutureDirections...................................................... 496
IX. Conclusions........................................................... 498
References............................................................ 502
The Molecular Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Development: Flowering
Time in Arabidopsis thaliana
KATHLEEN ENGELMANN AND MICHAEL PURUGGANAN
I. Introduction........................................................... 508
II. EvolutionaryEcologyofFloweringTime.................................. 508
III. TheGeneticBasisofEnvironmentalPerceptioninFloweringTimeSignaling... 512
IV. QuantitativeTraitLocusMappingofFloweringTimeVariation.............. 514
V. IsolationofGenesUnderlyingFloweringTimeVariation.................... 516
VI. MicroevolutionofFloweringTimeLoci................................... 518
VII. Summary............................................................. 521
References............................................................ 521
A Genomics Approach to the Study of Ancient Polyploidy and
Floral Developmental Genetics
JAMES H. LEEBENS-MACK, KERR WALL, JILL DUARTE,
ZHENGUI ZHENG, DAVID OPPENHEIMER AND
CLAUDE DEPAMPHILIS
I. Introduction........................................................... 528
II. WidespreadPolyploidyinAngiospermHistory............................. 531
III. ImplicationsofAncientPolyploidyforComparativeGenomics............... 533
IV. ComparativeAnalysesofDistantlyRelatedTaxaElucidate
GeneFunctioninArabidopsis............................................ 539