Table Of ContentDevelopment with Sustainable Use of Electricity
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institute Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO
Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical and Physical SCiences Kluwer Academic Publishers
D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo
I Global Environment Change
PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES
1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers
2. Environment Springer-Verlag I Kluwer Academic Publishers
3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers
4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers
5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers
The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NATO's
Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of
concern to those countries.
NATO-PCO-DATA BASE
The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords
and/or abstracts) to about 50,000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of
the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible via a CD-ROM "NATO Science
and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French, and German (©WTV
GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM contains the AGARD Aerospace Data
base.
The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO,
Overijse, Belgium.
3. High Technology - Volume 56
Development with Sustainable Use
of Electricity
edited by
s.
J0rgen N0rgârd
Department of Buildings and Energy.
Te chnical University of Denmark.
Lyngby. Denmark
Adam Gula
University of Mining and Metallurgy and
The Polish Foundation for Energy Efficiency.
Krak6w. Poland
and
Anibal T. De Almeida
Department of Electronical Engineering.
University of Coimbra.
Coimbra. Portugal
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Development with Sustainable Use of Electricity
Lopuszna, Poland
17-21 June 1996
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-6139-1 ISBN 978-94-011-5092-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5092-7
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
SUSTAINABLE USE OF ELECTRICITY
Jorgen S. Norgard
GLOBAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND TECHNOLOGIES 19
TO FURTHER ITS PROGRESS
Arthur Rosenfeld, Allan Chen and Ashok Gadgil
AN INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATED RESSOURCE 49
PLANNING
A. T. de Almeida, P. Fonseca and N. Saraiva
POLISH EFFICIENT LIGHTING PROJECT -THE DSM 71
PILOT EXPERIMENT
Adam Gula and Zbigniew Hanzelka, Marc R. Ledbetter
and Robert G. Pratt
EFFICIENT USE AND GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY 97
IN HUNGARY
Gyorgy Sigmond
ELECTRICITY SAVING POLICIES IN DENMARK 103
Annette Gydesen
VI
LIGHTING EFFICIENCY IN RUSSIA AND CIS 117
Julian B. Aizenberg
ENERGY-EFFICIENT INFORMATION AND 127
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EUROPE
Jacques Roturier and Alain Anglade
ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOTOR AND DRIVES 155
Anibal T. de Almeida and Paula Fonseca
LOW ELECTRICITY HOUSES -A REAL CASE: THE 187
PASSIVE HOUSE INDARMSTAD·KRANICHSTEIN
Wolfgang Feist and Witta Ebel
EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AT UNIVERSITIES 205
J. Roturier and P. Faucher
LEAST-COST PLANNING ON ELECTRICITY 219
Stefan Thomas
APPLIANCE ENERGY LABELLING AND STANDARDS IN 237
EUROPE
Paul Waide
EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGY AND APPROPRIATE LIFE 287
STYLES
JBrgen S. NBrgtird
SUBJECT INDEX 301
PREFACE-
In all European countries there is a substantial potential for saving electricity by
implementing more efficient end-uses of the electricity. This can significantly reduce the
environmental problems, which to a large extent are associated with the generation of
electric power. While the saving potentials in Western Europe are in the order of
magnitude of half the present electricity consumption, the potentials are even larger in
countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, since electricity savings are often
much cheaper than providing the power, the efficient end-use of electricity can playa
vital role in the transition process of the Central and Eastern European countries,
because more capital can then be devoted to other essential areas than building and
operating power plants, such as education, infrastructure, health, or cleaning the
environment.
On this background, a workshop on development with sustainable use of electricity was
conducted in June 1996 in Lopuszna, Poland, with most participants coming from the
Central and Eastern Europe. The program included lectures, roundtable debates and
informal discussions. After some overview lectures which placed the electricity savings
in a larger perspective, a number of cases of end-use technologies were presented,
including analyses as well as real life experiences. National cases presented the
electrici.ty consumption situation and saving policies in Eastern and Western European
countries. Barrieres to the required technological and structural changes were discussed
as well as policies to overcome those barriers.
The editors as well as the other two members of the Organizing Committee, Jacques
Roturier and Arthur Rosenfeld, wish to acknowledge the financial support from the
NA TO Scientific Affairs Division as the main sponsor, making this Advanced Research
Workshop possible. The travel support given by the Commission of the European
Communities was also most useful for attracting relevant participants, and is very much
acknowledged.
Several individuals have been involved in running the workshop as well as in editing
this book with the main lectures of the workshop. We particularly acknowledge the
dedicated contributions by Ela Gula, Jaquelin Cochran, Paula Fonseca, Gitte Nellemose,
and Anna Levin-Jensen.
vii
viii
The editors hope that the availability of the book will enable a wider audience to have
access to the state of the art methodologies and technologies which can
integrate the use of electricity in a sustainable development.
The Editors
J0rgen S. Nergard
Adam Gula
Anibal T. De Almeida
April 1998
SUSTAINABLE USE OF ELECTRICITY
J0RGEN S. N0RGARD
Department ofB uildings and Energy
Technical Univercity ofD enmark
DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
1. The Quest for a New Course
In this frrst contribution to the workshop, I will try to provide a broader
background for the topic, development with sustainable use of electricity. This topic
reflects the necessity for a dramatic change in the course of technological and
economical development as compared to the development dominating the last two
centuries of industrialization in Europe.
1.1. EARLY WARNINGS
So far the economic development has been dominated by a perception of the
world blessed with unlimited options for extracting resources and depositing waste, as
indicated in Figure 1, borrowed from Goodlandl. Today the human economy is often
perceived as an omnipotent system which can develop on its own. In the real world,
however, the economy is a subsystem of the ecological system and totally dependent on
it. High-quality energy and raw materials are extracted from this ecological system and
low-grade energy and other waste and pollution are emitted into it. As long as the man
made economy was small relative to the ecological system as a whole, the assumption of
the unlimited world might have seemed reasonable, although some pioneer economists
like M. Stuart Mills and M. J. Keynes were foresighted enough, 150 and 70 years ago
respectively, to warn that economic expansion should not and could not go on forever
since this would pose a threat to both the quality of human lives and to the
environmene·3,4. But very few listened to these visionary people, and most economists
today are "brought up" with the idea of unlimited natural resources available for free as
the foundation on which their education is built. And, as we all know, it is very difficult
to change the foundation later on, when the building is fmished.
As the economy grew, it occupied a larger and larger part of the ecological
system, and today the above decribed view of unlimited resources no longer holds.
Already, the present economic activities of the quarter of the world population living in
S. NfR'gdrd et al. (eds.), Development with Sustai1lllb1e Use o/Electricity, 1·18.
e 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2
the industrialized nations have exceeded the carrying capacity of the environment. Their
development is not sustainable, so changes will come, either forced upon us by
environmental catastrophes, or as a gentle and well-planned transition.
Figure I.
Qualitative illustration of the fact that the man-made economy is a subsystem of the global ecological system,
from which the economy extracts energy and material resources, and into which the economy discharges
waste.
Symptoms of the fact that we are approaching or exceeding the limitations are
appearing every day at an increasing rate. Ground water is being found polluted, forests
and cultivated land are being turned into deserts, ozone layer is being depleted, etc. We
will here focus on one global environmental threat, the approaching climatic changes
caused by man-made emission of greenhouse gases, especially the CO -emission from
2
burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas.
It is important, however, to stress that COremission is only one out of a
number of serious environmental problems, and that these problems are not just
accidental incidents, caused by ignorant technological choices. Rather they are
symptoms of a philosophy of development, which is basically unsustainable. The COr
emission is presently in focus as an indicator of the environmental problems. Also, it just
happens that this year it is one hundred years since the Swedish Nobel Prize winner in
physics, Arrhenius, warned against the risk of climate changes because of the CO2-
emission from burning fossil fuelss.
