Table Of ContentDEVELOPMENT PARADIGMS
FOR URBAN HOUSING
IN BRICS COUNTRIES
Piyush Tiwari, Jyoti Rao
and Jennifer Day
Development Paradigms for Urban Housing in
BRICS Countries
Piyush Tiwari • Jyoti Rao • Jennifer Day
Development
Paradigms for Urban
Housing in BRICS
Countries
Piyush Tiwari Jennifer Day
University of Melbourne University of Melbourne
Melbourne , Victoria , Australia Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
Jyoti Rao
University of Melbourne
Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
ISBN 978-1-137-44609-1 ISBN 978-1-137-44610-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-44610-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949418
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Contents
1 Conceptualizing Housing for All 1
2 Brazil’s Tryst with Housing 21
3 Housing in Russia 57
4 Housing Development in a Developing India 83
5 China’s Land and Housing Reforms: An Institutional
and Empirical Timeline 141
6 Housing in South Africa 183
7 Toward a Philosophical Evaluation of Housing for
All in BRICS Economies 221
Index 251
v
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Bundle of opportunities (or benefi ts) of housing;
benefi ciaries as per income segment; and the providers
of housing 12
Fig. 1.2 Th e relation between stages of life of an individual/
household and their choice of housing as per their
fi nancial capacity (low, medium, or high) 15
Fig. 1.3 Conceptual framework for housing for all 18
Fig. 2.1 Urban transformation of Brazil (percent population of
total population) 23
Fig. 2.2 Net rural–urban migration (millions) 24
Fig. 2.3 Share of cities in urban population 28
Fig. 2.4 Shifting contribution of metropolitan cities to
national population growth 29
Fig. 2.5 Urban annual population growth by urban typologies 31
Fig. 2.6 Average head of household income, 2000 (Reais, R$) 32
Fig. 2.7 Income pyramid in Brazil 33
Fig. 2.8 Housing shortage 2000–2008 34
Fig. 2.9 Evolution of housing fi nance system in Brazil 38
Fig. 2.10 Creation of formal jobs 41
Fig. 2.11 Brazil’s housing pyramid 53
Fig. 3.1 Population and demographic trends in Russia (million) 58
Fig. 3.2 Real GDP growth in Russia (percent) 59
Fig. 3.3 Share of housing tenure Russia 60
vii
viii List of Figures
Fig. 3.4 Share in tenure by income quintile in 2006 (percent) 61
Fig. 3.5 Residential housing construction (million meters square) 62
Fig. 3.6 Reasons for dissatisfaction with housing conditions in
2008 (percent) 64
Fig. 3.7 Th e framework and Russian housing 79
Fig. 4.1 Trend of population increase in diff erent sizes (as per
population) of cities and villages in India, 1951–2011 85
Fig. 4.2 Housing shortage in urban India, 1971–2011 89
Fig. 4.3 Housing shortage in rural India, 1971–2011 91
Fig. 4.4 Housing as a bundle of amenities for diff erent
income groups 101
Fig. 4.5 Conceptual framework for housing for all in India 104
Fig. 4.6 Increasing share of India’s tertiary services sector
(at factor cost) to GDP (1950–2013) 108
Fig. 4.7 House price trends as against household income and
GDP growth (2007 base year) 110
Fig. 4.8 Trends of household savings, corporate savings, and
public sector savings (1952–2012) 111
Fig. 4.9 Diagrammatic representation of housing scenario
in India (2011) 112
Fig. 4.10 Trends in percentage composition of MPCE (URP)
from 1987–88 to 2009–2010 in India (urban)
(Press Information Bureau 2011 ) 113
Fig. 4.11 Trends in percentage composition of MPCE(URP)
from 1987–1988 to 2009–2010 in India (rural) 114
Fig. 4.12 Cycle explaining housing unaff ordability as a
consequence of reluctant urbanization in India 116
Fig. 4.13 Timeline showing changing political, economic,
and social environments in India 117
Fig. 4.14 Current status of the pyramid (or framework) for
‘Housing for All’ in India 135
Fig. 5.1 China’s housing pyramid 174
Fig. 6.1 South Africa’s housing pyramid 213
Fig. 7.1 Th e framework in action for BRICS economies—Brazil 235
Fig. 7.2 Th e framework in action for BRICS economies—Russia 235
Fig. 7.3 Th e framework in action for BRICS economies—India 236
Fig. 7.4 Th e framework in action for BRICS economies—China 236
Fig. 7.5 Th e framework in action for BRICS
economies—South Africa 237
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Housing tenure in diff erent housing aff ordability
categories (percent) 63
Table 4.1 Population in India (2011) 86
Table 4.2 Slum population in India (2001, 2011) 86
Table 4.3 Homeless population in rural and urban India (2001,
2011) (population in millions) 88
Table 4.4 Housing need in 2011 90
Table 4.5 House characteristics across various income groups in
rural India (2002) 93
Table 4.6 House characteristics across various income groups in
slums and squatter settlements in urban India (2002) 94
Table 4.7 House characteristics across various income groups in
urban (non-slum areas) India (2002) 94
Table 4.8 Number of members in household versus number of
rooms in house in India (2001) 95
Table 4.9 Defi ning aff ordability for various income groups and
housing shortage in urban India (2007–2010) 97
Table 4.10 Percentage distribution of households as per size of
dwelling unit (number of rooms) (1991, 2001, and 2011) 103
ix
