Table Of ContentDevelopment of the
Central Nervous System
in Vertebrates
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Series A: Life Sciences
Developmen t of the
Centra l Nervou s Syste m
in Vertebrate s
Edited by
S. C. Sharm a
New York Medical College
Valhalla, New York
and
A. M. Goffine t
University Notre Dame de la Paix
Namur, Belgium
Springer Science+Busines sMedia, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Development of the Central Nervous System in Vertebrates,
held June 23-July 6,1991,
in Maratea, Italy
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Librar y of Congress Cataloglng-ln-PublIcatIo n Data
NATO Advanced Study Institut e on Development of th e Centra l Nervous
System i nV ertebrate s (199 1 : Maratea , Italy )
Development of th ec entra l nervou s syste m i nv ertebrate s / edite d
by S. C. Sharma andA .M. Goffinet .
p. cm. — (NATO ASI series . Serie s A, Lif e science s ; vol .
234)
"Proceeding s of a NATO Advanced Study Institut e on Development of
the Centra l Nervous Syste m i nV ertebrates , hel d June 23-Jul y 6,
1991, i n Maratea , Italy."—T.p . verso .
"Publishe d i nc ooperatio n wit h NATO Scientifi c Affair s Division. "
Include s bibliographica l reference s and index .
ISBN 978-1-4613-6315-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-3018-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-3018-3
1. Centra l nervou s system—Growth--Congresses . 2. Devslepacnta 1
neurology—Congresses. I .S harma, S. C. (Sansar C) , 1938-
II . Goffinet , A. III . Title . IV . Series .
[DNLM: 1. Centra l Nervous Syste m embryology—congresses . WL3 00
N279d1 991]
QP356.25.N35 1991
DNLM/DCL
for Librar y of Congress 92-4926 7
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4613-6315-6
© 1992 Springer Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992
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PREFACE
~he major theme of this book is the development of the vertebrate
central nervous system. ~is volume contains summaries of most of the
invited participants at the NA~ advanced study institute entitled
"Development of central nervous system in vertebrates" held in Maratea,
Italy, from June 23-July 5, 1991. In order to address this topic, we have
drawn upon a selection of current studies dealing with molecular, cellular
and system analysis which specifically pertain to the general principles
of the development. ~he major aim of this institute was to bring together
a select group of investigators who would present their views on the
current issues in their respective fields and to foster extensive
discussions amongst participants in smaller groups. Such interactions
brought together the exchanges of ideas amongst participants and helped
clarify the intricate details and formulate new vistas and collaborations.
Since the study of nervous system development has focused mostly on
the origin of neuron and glia cells, the area of current research was
represented by talks on early cellular events including effects of growth
factors, BOX and other gene expressions and cell lineage of specific cell
type(s). Formation of specific cell types and the specific neuronal
connections have been a major theme in the study of the nervous system
development. Recent technical advances has resulted in new information at
both cellular and molecular levels which have provided new details.
Current research was represented by "selective" topics discussed at the
meeting.
~e intensive discussions by both lecturers and students throughout
the meeting, were indicative of the level of participation. Every one
apparently benefited from such discussions which clarified the points to
non-experts in the field and helped bring a clearer understanding of the
subject. In their attempt to link molecular, cellular and morphological
events during neural development, the diversity of topics discussed at the
institute will, it is hoped, be evident in the book.
I am deeply indebted to the organizing committee for the help
provided during the course of the meeting and to the management of Hotel
Villa del Mare who catered to every conceivable problem and were gracious
hosts.
Sincere thanks are also due to the National Science Foundation u.S.
for partial funding of the travel expenses of six students. A special
grant to supplement the expenses was provided by the Maratea Regione
Basicalata, Italy. NA~ Scientific Affairs Division provided the major
funding for this meeting. I am deeply thankful to the Director of the ASI
programme Mr. L.V. da Cunha for his keen interest and his willingness to
help at every stage of this meeting. ~hanks are due to every member of my
research team who willingly provided time to assist in the organization of
the meeting. Special thanks to Laura Rendine for her patience and
technical expertise in typing the manuscripts and help in the organization
of the meeting.
S.c. Sharma
New York Medical College
VI
CONTENTS
Regulation of the Early Development of the Nervous System
Pactora...................................................
by Growth 1
perry F. Bartlett, John Drago, ~revor J. Kilpatrick,
Linda J. Richards, Peter Wookey, and Mark Murphy
Polysialic Acid as a Regulator of Cell-Cell Interactions
during Muscle Innervation .••.••••.••••.•••••••.••••••.••••••••••••• 23
Urs Rutishauser
~e 0-2A Cell Lineage: Cellular Interactions Influencing
the Choice of the Differentiation Route of Biopotential
Glial Progenitors .................................................. 29
Giulio Levi and Christina Agresti
Cell Pate in the Cerebral Cortex •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41
Jack Price
Box Genes and the Development of the Branchial Region ••••••••••••••••••• 49
Paul Bunt, Edoardo Boncinelli, and Robb Kraalauf
Distribution of the Bomeobox Engrailed Gene Expression
during the Embryonic Development of the ~rout CHS •••••••••••••••••• 75
Elena Vecino
A General Model of Cortical Histogenesis: Studies in the
Developing Cerebral Wall of the Mouse •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 83
V.S. caviness, Jr. and ~. ~akahashi
~e Use of Experimental Genetics to Study Pattern Formation
in the Ma. ...a lian CIIS ...•....•....•...•...••..•....••••..•••••••.••• 99
Karl Berrup
Developaent and Fate of Cajal-Retzius Cells In Vivo and
In Vitro ..••................•••.•.•..•.....•..••..•••••..••.•••..• 113
P. Derer and M. Derer
Comparative and Cellular Aspects of Development of
Connections in Cerebral Cortex •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 131
Giorgio M. Innocenti
~e Developing Mouse Wbiskerpad: Pattern Formation
at the periphery of a Bighly Organized Somatosensory
Pathway •••••••.•.•.•••.••.••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.••.. 145
W. Ourednik, W. Wahli and B. Van der Loos
Two Phases of Pattern Formation in the Developing Rodent
Trigeminal Systea •.•...............•..•..•...••..•.....••.•.....•• 167
Sonal Jhaveri and Reha Brzurumlu
Mechani. .s to Bstablish Specific ~lamocortical
Connections in the Developing Brain ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 179
Jurgen Bolz and Magdalena GOtz
The Reeler Gene, Formation of Nerve Cell Patterns,
and Brain Evolution ••.............••.•••••.•••••••••••••....•••••• 193
Andr6 M. Goffinet
Androgen-Dependent Plasticity of. Neuromuscular Syst. ................. 205
Cecilia Cracco and Alessandro Vercelli
Development of Longitudinal Patterns in the Cerebellar
Cortex .....•..•.•.••.••.••..•..••••••••••••••.•.••.••••••••••.•••. 211
Jan Voogd and Rita M. Kappel
New Concepts on the Development of the Dentate Gyrus ••••••••••••••••••• 225
Dieter Bartmann, Susanne Fehr, and Jobst Sievers
~ransplant-Mediated Recovery of Innervation and Function:
the Babenulo-Interpeduncular Syst. . of the Rat •••••••••••••••••••• 249
Marion Murray, ~.C. Bckenrode, and Forrest Baun
Development of Descending Projection Neurons to the Spinal
Cord of the Goldfish, carassius auratus ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 265
S.c. Sharma and V.M. Berthoud
Index •••••••••••••••••••••...•...•.•..••••••••••••....•.••••••••••••.•• 279
VIII
REGULATION OF THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM BY GROWTH FACTORS
Perry F. Bartlett, John Drago, Trevor J. Kilpatrick,
Linda J. Richards, Peter Wookey and Mark Murphy
The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, and
The Cooperative Research Centre for Cellular Growth Factors
Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
INTRODUCTION
The nervous system of vertebrates begins as a thickening of the
dorsal ectoderm early in embryogenesis which subsequently involutes to
form the neural tube consisting of a single layer of epithelium
(neuroepithelium); from this develops the entire central nervous sytem
(CNS). Another population of cells bud off from the dorsal portion of the
tube just prior to closure, the neural crest; these cells give rise to all
the cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and to many structures
in the facial and branchial regions of the developing embryo.
At the simplest leve~neural development can be considered as a
process whereby epithelial like cells proliferate and ultimately
differentiate into cells of the nervous sytem: neurons and glia. The
magnitude of this process is best illustrated by the fact that the 100
billion neurons found in the human brain are derived from approximately
125 thousand primitive cells present at the early stage of neural tube
formation. The regulation of this process of growth and differentiation
has been thought of as being both intrinsic, genetically predetermined
within individual cells,and to be due to enviromental or epigenetic
factors. The distinction between the two types of regulation is often not
clear and cell phenotype, as will be discussed, may often depend on their
interplay.
Beyond understanding how individual cells are regulated to divide
and differentiate lies the question of how organisation and pattern
formation occurs in the nervous system. This question has been examined
in detail in invertebrates, especially in the fruit fly, Drosophila. Here
it has been elegantly shown, mainly by the use of developmental mutants,
that the segmentation observed in both the nervous system and body
compartments are regulated by a family of genes (homeobox), which code for
proteins sharing a common amino acid sequence (homeodomain) that bind to
regulatory elements in DNA (See Ingham, 1988 for review). Similar genes
have been identified in most vertebrate species, including man, and their
distribution within the developing nervous system has suggested that they
may playa part in determining segmentation. However, segmentation is not
at all obvious in the developing neural tube of animals such as chicken or
mice, and that which does occur in the spinal cord is secondary to somite
formation.
Development of the Central Nervous System in Vertebrates
Edited by S.C. Sharma and A.M. Goffinet, Plenum Press. New York, 1992
Recently, it has been shown by Lumsden et al., (1989, 1990) that the
series of folds that appear in the developing hindbrain of chicks, called
rhombomeres, does indeed represent true segmentation of the neuroepithelium.
They have shown that rhombomere boundaries restrict the migration of clones
of neurons and demarcate the origin of the nerve roots of many of the cranial
nerves. Pairs of rhombomeres also correspond to the branchial arches that
give rise to head and neck structures. The significance of this latter
observation is that neural crest cells give rise to much of the mesenchyme
of this region and these crest cells have been shown to migrate within these
boundaries suggesting that they carry preexisting information concerning
their ultimate cellular phenotype.
Of particular interest is that boundaries of rhombomeres correspond
to boundaries of expression of many of the homeobox genes as well as other
genes coding for DNA binding proteins such as Krox-20 (See Wilkinson and
Krumlauf, 1990 for review), implying that these genes are directly
responsible for the observed segmentation. The importance of this gene
expression to neural development in higher vertebrates awaits gene
knockout experiments. Early results indicate that gene ablation leads to
developmental defects which do not correspond to the extent of gene
expression: loss of Hox-1.S does not interfere with cranial nerve
development even though it is expresed in all rhombomeres (Chisaka and
Capechi, 1991). Thus, it may be that the system is degenerate in higher
vertebrates, with no single gene determining regional specificity. Recent
experiments favour another interpretation, that families of homeobox
genes share the same distribution within the hindbrain but may determine
the fate of only some of the cells within that region (Hunt et al., 1991).
This would account for the loss of only some of the derivatives of a
particular rhombomere.
It is notable that expression of genes coding for growth factors
such as FGF like molecules (Int-2) and Steel factor are also regionally
restricted in the nervous system (Matsui et al., 1990). It could be
argued that these two categories of regionally distributed genes represent
the two possible mechanisms that influence neural development: one acting
directly as a DNA binding proteins that influence cell growth and
phenotype within a particular area, and the second, also regionally
expressed, influencing the same characteristics by regulating the cell
through receptor-ligand interactions. How one type of interaction
influences the other and in what sequence are major questions for the 90s.
This review details the evidence, principally gained from in vitro
cell culture, in favor of the concept that the regulation of proliferation
of precursor cells in the developing CNS and PNS is largely due to growth
factors produced within the nervous system. It also suggests that there
are quite separate signals for precursor proliferation from those which
are required for differentiation.
EARLY EVENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE CNS
From studies primarily carried out in amphibians it appears that
neural induction begins at the time of gastrulation and is due to
interactions with the underlying mesoderm. The classical studies of
Mangold (1933) also indicated that mesoderm was important in specifying
the subsequent phenotype of the neurectoderm: anterior mesoderm induced
forebrain whereas posterior produced spinocaudal structures. Although it
has been suggested that soluble factors mediate induction their indentity
remains unclear. Recent experiments have shown that protein kinase
activators such as phorbol ester can act as inducing agents (Davids et al.,
1987).
2
