Development of maritime policy through bilateral arrangements

121 Pages·2017·1.21 MB·English

by  ÃŒzlem Mulun

World Maritime University
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Maritime University
World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations
2007
Development of maritime policy through bilateral
arrangements : trade and crewing aspects
Özlem Mulun
World Maritime University
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Mulun, Özlem, "Development of maritime policy through bilateral arrangements : trade and crewing aspects" (2007).World Maritime
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WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY
Malmö, Sweden

DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME POLICY
THROUGH BILATERAL ARRANGEMENTS:
TRADE AND CREWING ASPECTS

By

ÖZLEM MULUN
Turkey

A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
In
MARITIME AFFAIRS

(MARITIME LAW AND POLICY)

2007

© Copyright Özlem MULUN, 2007
DECLARATION

I certify that all material in this dissertation that is not my own work has been identified,
and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me.

The contents of this dissertation reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily
endorsed by the University.

(Signature): ………………….

(Date): 27 August 2007

Supervised by: Professor Proshanto K. Mukherjee
World Maritime University

Assessor: Maximo Q. Mejia Jr.
Assistant Professor

Institution/Organization: World Maritime University

Co-assessor:
Institution/Organization:
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writing of a dissertation can be a lonely and isolating experience, yet it is obviously
not possible without the personal and practical support of numerous people. Thus my
sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, my parents, my friends for their support, and
patience during my research on my dissertation.

I would especially like to gratefully and sincerely thank my supervisor, Professor
Proshanto K. Mukherjee for inspiring and encouraging me with his advice, guidance,
direction, understanding and enthusiasm during the research and writing of my
dissertation.

I would like to thank the WMU library staff for assisting me with the collection of
relevant source materials for my dissertation. Without them this research would have
been most difficult.

I extend many thanks to my colleagues and friends, for their support and encouragement.
I also gratefully thank my family: my parents, Mehmet & Cezanur Mulun, my
grandparents, Mehmet & Salime Arslantas and my siblings for their love, support and
encouragement which helped me during the course of my postgraduate degree studies
and this dissertation.

Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all my Professors during
my studies at World Maritime University.

Thank You.

ii
ABSTRACT
Title of Dissertation: Development of Maritime Policy through Bilateral
Arrangements: Trade and Crewing Aspects

Degree: MSc

This dissertation is a study of the bilateral arrangements within the context of shipping
but limited to two of its aspects namely maritime trade and crewing of ships. Shipping in
the modern context is the primary instrument for the conduct of global trade. It is thus no
coincidence that trading nations are compelled to place maritime policy at a relatively
high position on their national agendas. Since maritime matters are inherently
international in character and shipping is recognizably a global business, national
maritime laws need to be compatible with and reflect the international maritime regimes
developed through cooperation among states with maritime interests.

In order to establish uniformity, the international maritime community constantly
deliberates on the development of international legal regimes. Sometimes multilateral
efforts are made through regional arrangements among states with common maritime
interests based on geographical location, economic and social commonalities and with a
view to establishing comity and good neighbourliness in the hope of enhancing their
respective national maritime interests. In other instances states, irrespective of regional
or global considerations, find it in their national interests to enter into bilateral
relationships. There are multifarious reasons why states would choose bilateralism over
regionalism in relation to particular maritime issues.

The central object or purpose of this work is to examine the role of bilateralism in the
development of national maritime policy and the impact and influence of bilateral
maritime arrangements on regional interests. In particular, a number of bilateral
agreements between Turkey and some of its neighbouring states in relation to maritime
trade and crewing of ships have been analyzed critically. Finally, it is recommended that
policy-makers at various levels continue to keep abreast of technical and socio-economic
developments in the maritime field and reformulate their maritime policies accordingly.

KEYWORDS: Regionalism, Bilateralism, Maritime Policy, Maritime Trade, Maritime
Transport, Crewing of Ships.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................................II
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................................VI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2 BILATERALISM VERSUS REGIONALISM...............................................................5
2.1 REGIONALISM AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.................................................................................5
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF REGIONALISM FOR LITTORAL STATES......................................................................8
2.3 REGIONAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................10
2.3.1 Helsinki Commission (HELCOM)............................................................................................10
2.3.2 Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre
for the Mediterranean Sea (REMPEC)....................................................................................13
2.3.3 Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME)...................16
2.3.4 The Black Sea Commission......................................................................................................17
2.4 THE BLACK SEA AS A FRAMEWORK OF REGIONAL COOPERATION....................................................19
2.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REGIONALISM...................................................................20
2.5.1 Political Uses of Regionalism..................................................................................................20
2.5.2 Advantages of Regionalism......................................................................................................22
2.5.3 Disadvantages of Regionalism.................................................................................................23
2.6 THE IMPORTANCE OF REGIONALISM AND BILATERALISM FOR DETERMINATION OF NATIONAL
MARITIME POLICY..................................................................................................................................24
CHAPTER 3 BILATERALISM, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND
NATIONAL MARITIME POLICY: INTERRELATIONSHIPS...............................27
3.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS................................................................................................................27
3.2 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE MARITIME SECTOR..................................28
3.3 BILATERALISM..................................................................................................................................30
3.4 BILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS.....................................................................................................32
3.4.1 Specific Factors Relating to Bilateral Trade Agreements........................................................33
3.5 BILATERAL MARITIME AGREEMENTS...............................................................................................37
3.6 EFFECTS OF A STATE’S FOREIGN POLICY ON BILATERAL RELATIONS...............................................40
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF BILATERAL MARITIME AGREEMENTS
BETWEEN TURKEY AND SELECTED STATES....................................................43
4.1 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS..........................................................................................................43
4.2 BILATERAL MARITIME AGREEMENTS BETWEEN TURKEY AND GREECE AND
TURKEY AND ALBANIA.....................................................................................................................44
4.3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TWO BILATERAL MARITIME AGREEMENTS..................................47
4.4 BILATERAL AGREEMENTS BETWEEN TURKEY AND RUSSIA AND
TURKEY AND UKRAINE REGARDING RECOGNITION OF SEAFARERS CERTIFICATES............................59
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................65
BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................................69
ANNEX 1 THE BALTIC SEA MAP......................................................................................................78
ANNEX 2 THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA MAP.................................................................................79
ANNEX 3 THE PERSIAN GULF MAP................................................................................................80
ANNEX 4 THE BLACK SEA MAP.......................................................................................................81
ANNEX 5 THE DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONS FOR FORMING BTAS:
SPECIFIC FACTORS...........................................................................................................82
ANNEX 6 AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND
THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC ON MARITIME TRANSPORTATION.........................83
ANNEX 7 MARITIME AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF
THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA...................................................................................................94
ANNEX 8 AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNDERSECRETARIAT FOR
MARITIME AFFAIRS, PRIME MINISTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF
TURKEY AND THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF
CERTIFICATES FOR CREW MEMBERS OF SEAGOING VESSELS......................105
ANNEX 9 AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PRIMA MINISTRY UNDERSECRETARIAT
FOR MARITIME AFFAIRS, OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND
THE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF UKRAINE ON MUTUAL RECOGNITION
OF CERTIFICATES UNDER THE TERMS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION ON STANDARDS OF TRAINING, CERTIFICATION AND
WATCHKEEPING FOR SEAFARERS 1978, AS AMENDED IN 1995........................109

v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASEAN Association of South East Asians Nations

BEAC Barents European Atlantic Council

BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation

CARICOM Caribbean Community

CBS Council of Baltic States

CEFTA Central European Free Trade Area

CEI Central European Initiative

CMI Comite Maritime International

CSI Container Security Initiative

EC European Community

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EU European Union

HELCOM Helsinki Commission

IMO International Maritime Organization

MAP Mediterranean Action Plan

MARPOL 73/78 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, and its Protocol 1978

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MRCC Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre

vi
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

PSC Port State Control

REMPEC Regional Maritime Pollution Emergency Response
Centre for the Mediterranean Sea

ROPME Regional Organization for the Protection of the
Marine Environment

SAR Search and Rescue Convention

SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,
1974, and its Protocol of 1988

STCW International Convention on Standards of
Training, Certification and Watchkeeping of Seafarers
1978, as amended in 1995

UAE United Arab Emirates

UN United Nations

UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

US United States of America

WTO World Trade Organization

vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the current milieu the term globalization has assumed certain proportions that
are often inexplicable in real terms. In other words, it is a term that has for better or for
worse become part of the jargon of the twenty-first century. In shipping, the term is used
almost thoughtlessly as if it was a new invention. In fact shipping is and always has been
largely an international business. Indeed, all maritime ventures have since centuries and
millennia been international or global activities. In that sense globalization is not new to
shipping. Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, attempts have been made
through the Comité Maritime International (CMI) to unify maritime law and policy so
that ships do not have to face multiple regimes when sailing the world’s oceans. Since
1948 the task of creating uniformity in maritime practice has been assumed by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) through the adoption of its first convention
on safety of life at sea1.

There are few who would doubt or debate the fact that the international approach
to matters maritime is the best option. In recent times, the notion of regionalism has also
gained considerable popularity and momentum through the efforts of both
intergovernmental and non governmental bodies. Regionalism in terms of its raison
d’etre rests on the commonality of various parameters among states, the most important
of which is geographical location. Socio-economic conditions, legal systems, cultural
commonalities are other aspects of the common platform that drives regionalism. The
common examples that rest on the above factors are the European Union (EU), the

1 International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 as revised through various Protocols and
Amendments since 1974, is the current version.
1