Development of a Microfluidic Ion Sensor Array (MISA) - American

171 Pages·2006·9.08 MB·English

Gravitational and Space Biology

Volume 19, Number 2
August 2006
Publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology ISSN 1089-988X

ASGSB EDITORIAL BOARD

Augusto Cogoli Luis Cubano Emily Holton
Zero-G LifeTec GmbH Univ. Central del Caribe NASA Ames Research Center
Zürich, Switzerland Camuy, Puerto Rico Moffett Field, CA
John Kiss Patrick Masson Gloria Muday
Miami University University of Wisconsin Wake Forest University
Oxford, OH Madison, WI Winston Salem, CT
Anna-Lisa Paul April Ronca Gerry Sonnenfeld
University of Florida Wake Forest University SUNY Binghamton
Gainesville, FL Winston Salem, CT Binghamton, NY
Paul Todd Sarah Wyatt William Landis
SHOT, Inc. Ohio University NE Ohio Univ College of Medicine
Greenville, IN Athens, OH Rootstown, OH
PUBLISHING STAFF
Stan Roux Mary E. Musgrave Robert Blasiak
Editor-in Chief Publishing Editor Assistant Editor
University of Texas University of Connecticut Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
Austin, TX Storrs, CT Freiburg, Germany
John Kiss Charles Wade Paul Todd
Symposium I Editor Symposium II Editor Symposium III Editor
Miami University US Army Inst. of Surgical Res. SHOT, Inc.
Oxford, OH Fort Sam Houston, TX Greenville, IN
GENERAL INFORMATION
Gravitational and Space Biology (ISSN 1089-988X) is a journal devoted to research in gravitational and space biology. It
is published by the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology, a non-profit organization whose members share a
common goal of furthering the understanding of the biological effects of gravity and the use of the unique environment of
spaceflight for biological research. Gravitational and Space Biology is overseen by a steering committee consisting of the
Publications Committee, the Editor, the President, and the Secretary-Treasurer of the ASGSB.
The American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology was created in 1984 to provide an avenue for scientists
interested in gravitational and space biology to share information and join together to speak with a united voice in support of
this field of science. The biological effects of gravity have been acknowledged since Galileo’s time, but only since the 1970s
has gravitational biology begun to attract attention. With the birth of the space age, the opportunity for experimentation over
the full spectrum of gravity finally became a reality, and a new environment and research tool became available to probe
biological phenomena and expand scientific knowledge. Space and spaceflight introduced new questions about space
radiation and the physiological and psychological effects of the artificial environment of spacecraft.
The objectives of ASGSB are:

• To promote research, education, training, and development in the areas of gravitational and space biology and
to apply the knowledge gained to a better understanding of the effect of gravity and space environmental
factors on the flora and fauna of Earth.
• To disseminate information on gravitational and space biology research and the application of this research to
the solution of terrestrial and space biological problems.
• To provide a forum for communication among professionals in academia, government, business, and other
segments of society involved in gravitational and space biological research and application.
• To promote the study of concepts and the implementation of programs that can achieve these ends and further
the advancement and welfare of humankind.
A Collaborative Production: This issue of the Gravitational and Space Biology was produced through collaboration with
the Professional Writing and Technical Communication Program at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Under the
direction of Dr. John Nelson, the PWTC Program has trained students for a variety of professions that demand excellent
technical writing and editing skills. Since its inception in 1990, the program has placed nearly 100% of its graduates. The
American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology is pleased to sponsor an editorial fellowship for students in the PWTC
program at the University of Massachusetts, and gratefully acknowledges the contributions of its students and directors to the
production of our journal.
MEMBERSHIP: The American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology welcomes individual, organizational, and
corporate members in all of the basic and applied fields of the space and gravitational life sciences. Members are active in the
fields of space medicine, plant and animal gravitational physiology, cell and developmental biology, biophysics, and space
hardware and life support system development. Membership is open to nationals of all countries. Members must have
education or research or applied experience in areas related to the Society’s purposes: i.e., Doctorate, Masters with 2 years
experience, Bachelors with 4 years experience (student members must be actively enrolled in an academic curriculum leading
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applications may be obtained by writing the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology, P.O. Box 2581, Chapel
Hill, NC 27515, or at the society website (http://www.asgsb.org).
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reproduce parts of this volume, and other correspondence should be sent to the American Society for Gravitational and Space
Biology P.O. Box 2581, Chapel Hill, NC 27515.
Copyright © 2006 by the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology

ii Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006
American Society for

Gravitational and Space Biology

st
Proceedings of the 21 Annual Meeting of the

American Society for Gravitational and Space
Biology (Reno, NV November 1-4, 2005)

Featuring:

Symposium I: Biological Advanced Life Support Systems

Symposium II: Astronaut Health: From the Bench to Flight Across the Gravity

Continuum

Symposium III: Planetary Biology and Terraforming

Additional Short Papers

Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006 iii
Table of Contents

Symposium I: Biological Advanced Life Support Systems ………………………..……...…………..1

THE BIOLOGY OF LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPLORATION MISSION
DESIGN AND ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT - A-L. Paul and R. J. Ferl ……………...………………………….…….3

PLANT-GROWTH LIGHTING FOR SPACE LIFE SUPPORT: A REVIEW – G.D. Massa, J.C. Emmerich, R.C.
Morrow, C.M. Bourget and C.A. Mitchell…………………………………………………………………….…………….…19

INCREASED BACTERIAL RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE IN SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY AND ITS
MOLECULAR BASIS - A. Matin, S.V. Lynch and M.R. Benoit………………………………………….………..…31

Symposium II: Astronaut Health: From the Bench to Flight Across the Gravity Continuum…. 43

EXPLORATION CLASS MISSIONS AND RETURN: EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM -
G. Sonnenfeld ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..45

NUTRITION, METABOLISM AND THE CRITICAL PATHS: A CRITICAL REVIEW - T.P. Stein ………..….49

TESTING EXERCISE COUNTERMEASURES DURING 30 DAYS OF SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY:
LESSONS LEARNED FROM STUDIES OF IDENTICAL TWINS – A.R. Hargens, B.R. Maclas, C.M. Echon, E.
Brzezinski, A. Hawkins, K. Hawkins, and R.S. Meyer……………………………………………….....................……...…53

TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE: FROM GROUND-BASED STUDIES OF TRAUMATIC INJURIES TO
ASTRONAUT HEALTH AND EARTH BENEFITS. – C.E. Wade...................................................................….....65

Symposium III: Planetary Biology and Terraforming………………………………………...…….77

PLANETARY BIOLOGY AND TERRAFORMING – P. Todd.................................……................................….....79

LAST PLACE TO BOIL AWAY, FIRST PLACE TO LOOK: THE HUNT FOR WATER AND LIFE ON MARS –
L.H. Kuznetz ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….85

EXTREMOPHILES FOR ECOPOIESIS: DESIRABLE TRAITS FOR AND SURVIVABILITY OF PIONEER
MARTIAN ORGANISMS – D.J. Thomas, J. Boling, P.J. Boston, K.A. Campbell, T. McSpadden, L. McWilliams,
and P. Todd ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………91

PLANETARY ECOSYNTHESIS AS ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION – J.M. Graham………………………...…….105

Short Papers…….…………………………………………………………………………………….121

Advanced Life Support and Biotechnology:

DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROFLUIDIC ION SENSOR ARRAY (MISA) TO MONITOR GRAVITY-
DEPENDENT CALCIUM FLUXES IN CERATOPTERIS SPORES - A.R. De Carlo, M. Rokkam A. ul Haque, S.T.
,
Wereley, P.P. Irazoqui, H.W. Wells, W.T. McLamb, S.J. Roux, D.M. Porterfield…………………………..…………..123

USE OF AN INTEGRATED FLOW-CHAMBER ADHESION ASSAY FOR MEASURING LEUKOCYTE
ADHESION PROPERTIES IN SIMULATED AND ACTUAL MICROGRAVITY – D.F. Kucik, R.L. Rouleau,
L.W. Smith, X. Wu and K.B. Gupta……………………………………………………………………………………..……..125

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMCS HARDWARE FOR MULTIGENERATIONAL GROWTH OF DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER IN SPACE - M. E. Sanchez, M. Shenasa, A. Maldonado, A. Kakavand, D. Leskovsky, E.
Houston, A. Howard, M. K. Steele, and S. Bhattacharya…………………………………………………….……..……...127

iv Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006
INVESTIGATING LOCAL IMPACTS OF HEAT-PULSE SENSORS FOR MEDIA MOISTURE CONTENT -
M.A. Ask, J.J. Prenger, D. Rouzan-Wheeldon, V. Rygalov, J. Norikane and H.G. Levine………………..……………129
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A LABORATORY TEST BED FOR PLANETARY BIOLOGY – N.A.
Thomas, P. Todd, G.W. Metz, M.A. Kurk, D.J. Thomas……………………………………………………….…….…….131

Animal Development, Physiology and Gravity Response:

A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER – T.F. Fahlen, M. Sanchez, M. Lera, E. Blazevic, J. Chang, and S. Bhattacharya……..……....133

EFFECTS OF ALTERED GRAVITY ON IDENTIFIED PEPTIDERGIC NEURONS OF THE CRICKET ACHETA
DOMESTICUS – U. Kirschnick, H-J. Agricola and E.R. Horn ………………………………………………..…………135

COUNTERMEASURES TO THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON THE SKULLS OF HUMAN INFANTS - R. Lee,
J. English, J. Duke , and J. Teichgraeber…………………………………………………………………………………….137

NUTRIENT DIFFUSION THROUGH ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A MODEL
SYSTEM – C. Marshall, R. Flowers, N. Goli, M. Vandromme, D. Paulsen and B. Klement ……………….………..139

HYPERGRAVITY INDUCES DAMAGE TO ROD PHOTORECEPTORS - A.J. Barnstable, A.R. Tink, S. Viviano,
L. Baer, C. Wade, C.J. Barnstable and J. Tombran-Tink……………………………………………………….………….141

Cell Biology:

A GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN RESPONSE TO
LOW-SHEAR MODELED MICROGRAVITY – C. Allen, C. Galindo, N. Williams, U. Pandya, A. Chopra, and D.

Niesel ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….143

PROTEOMIC RETRIEVAL FROM NUCLEIC ACID DEPLETED SPACE-FLOWN HUMAN CELLS - D.K.
Hammond, T.F. Elliott, K. Holubec, T.L. Baker, P.L. Allen, T.G. Hammond and J.E. Love…………….……….……145

THE EFFECT OF CHAGES OF GRAVITY ON HUMAN MONOCYTE CELL (TUR) PHAGOCYTOSIS – C.B.
Johnson, L.S. Waldbeser ………………………………………………………………………………………………….....…147

MICROTUBULE DISRUPTIONS AND REPAIR PHENOMENA IN CULTURED GLIAL CELLS UNDER
MICROGRAVITY – M.A. Masini, F. Strollo, F. Ricci, M. Pastorino, B. M. Uva, ………………………..…………..149

MICROGRAVITY-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN ACTIVATED T-LYMPHOCYTES

INVOLVE MULTIPLE REGULATORY PATHWAYS – N.E. Ward, N.R. Pellis, S.A. Risin and D. Risin...……..151

POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF FLOW DETECTION IN THE ACTIVATON OF OSTEOBLASTS – M. Takaoki,
H. Park, N. Murakami, D. Shiba, and J-I. Gyotoku ……………………………………………………………………...…153

Plant Development and Gravity Response:

TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING OF THE gps1 MUTANT OF ARABIDOPSIS – V. Nadella, C.D. Hildenbrand
and S.E. Wyatt………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..155

NITRIC OXIDE AND CGMP DEPENDENT SIGNALING IN ARABIDOPSIS ROOT GROWTH – J. Jacobi, J.
Elmer, K. Russell, R. Soundur, and D.M. Porterfield.………………………………………………………………………157

REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN ROOTS OF ARABIDOPSIS GRAVITY MUTANTS – J.W. Yester,
J.M. Kimbrough, R. Salinas-Mondragón, P.H. Masson, C.S. Brown, and H. Winter Sederoff………………………..159

MODIFICATION OF RESERVE DEPOSITION IN WHEAT AND BRASSICA SEEDS BY SYNTHETIC
ATMOSPHERES AND MICROGRAVITY - A. Kuang, J. Blasiak, S. Chen, G. Bingham, M.E. Musgrave..……..161

Index ………………………..……...………………………………………………………………….A-1

Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006 v
vi Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006
Symposium I: Biological Advanced Life

Support Systems

John Kiss, Editor

Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006 1
2 Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006
THE BIOLOGY OF LOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPLORATION
MISSION DESIGN AND ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT
Anna-Lisa Paul and Robert J. Ferl
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

ABSTRACT

Atmospheric pressure is a variable that has been often therefore adapted and colonized a vast variety of
manipulated in the trade space surrounding the design and environments and many of those environments contain
engineering of space exploration vehicles and extraterrestrial extremes of one parameter or another; however, extreme
habitats. Low pressures were used to reduce structural terrestrial altitude has escaped colonization by higher life
engineering and launch mass throughout the early human space forms because of a suite of parameters that together
program; moreover, low pressures will certainly be considered
prevent habitability. Atmospheric pressure is one of the
in future concepts for the same reasons. Fundamental
major parameters that limit life to lower earth altitudes.
understanding of the biological impact of low pressure
environments is therefore critical for the successful
consideration of this variable, being particularly important when
considering future, potentially complex bioregenerative life
support systems. However, low pressure biological effects are
also critical considerations that should be incorporated into near
term vehicle designs, designs that may set hardware and
operations criteria that would carry over into far-term future
designs.

In order to begin to define the fundamental biological responses
to low atmospheric pressure, we have identified the molecular
genetic responses central to the initial exposure of the model
plant Arabidopsis to hypobaric stress. Less than half of the
genes induced by hypobaria are induced by hypoxia,
establishing that response to hypobaria is a unique biological
response and is more complex than just an adaptation to low
partial pressures of oxygen. In addition, the suites of genes
induced by hypobaria confirm that water movement is a
Figure 1. The relationship between altitude and atmospheric
paramount issue in plants. Current experiments examine gene
pressure. As the elevation increases from sea level the
expression profiles in response to a wide variety of pressures,
atmospheric pressure decreases. The range of the earth’s
ranging from slight to extreme hypobaria. Results indicate that
atmosphere is 101 kPa at sea level to near 0 kPa at 30,000 m.
even small changes in atmospheric pressure have attendant
biological consequences deserving consideration during the
concept and design of vehicles and habitats. Moreover, the range The current atmospheric attributes of the Earth’s surface
of pressures to which plants can adapt suggests that very low are the culmination of the physics of our planet and the
pressures can be considered for plant-specific habitats. impact of over a billion years of biology and geology.
Biology has evolved and expanded into a wide range of
The choices of atmospheric pressure within spaceflight and environments, including those that press the limits of
extraterrestrial habitats are not merely engineering
terrestrial altitudes, where physiology is limited by the
considerations but are biological considerations of the highest
extremes of temperature, moisture and atmospheric
order, and modern molecular tools can be employed to increase
pressure that are the intrinsic components of terrestrial
understanding of the biological consequences of pressure
engineering decisions. high altitudes (Figure 1). Indeed, it is only where all three
of these extremes converge that we see an absence of life
on our planet. On tropical mountains mammals and large
INTRODUCTION plants (e.g. hyraxes and giant lobelias of Kilimanjaro) are
found no higher than altitudes of 5000 m (Njiro, 2005)
An almost bewildering myriad of environmental and herbaceous plants no higher than 5600 m (Körner,
parameters have been presented to Terran life forms 2003). Yet even these altitude limits are dependent upon
during the process of evolutionary change. Life has other environmental variables. For example, the upper
limit of forests in tropical mountains may be 4000 m, yet
____________________
that same limit can be less than 2000 m in more temperate
* Correspondence to: Robert J. Ferl latitudes (Körner and Paulsen, 2004). In addition, for
Horticultural Sciences Department mammals and birds, the limits of typical habitation appear
University of Florida to be delimitated as much by easy access to food and
Gainesville, FL 32611-0690 available oxygen as by temperature, moisture and
Email: [email protected]
atmospheric pressure. For humans, this habitation limit is
Phone: [phone]x301; Fax: [phone]
around 4200 m in the latitude of the Himalayas, where the
village of Kibber, India, is located (Table 1). In general,
human excursions to higher altitudes and lower pressures
Gravitational and Space Biology 19(2) August 2006 3