Developing soft-kill capability for light armoured vehicles through battlefield simulations

50 Pages·2007·0.95 MB·English

Developing soft-kill capability for light
armoured vehicles through battlefield
simulations
J.L. Rapanotti
DRDC Valcartier
Defence R&D Canada – Valcartier
Technical Memorandum
DRDC Valcartier TM 2003-276
February 2007

Developing soft-kill capability for
light armoured vehicles through
battlefield simulations
J.L.Rapanotti
DRDCValcartier
Defence R & D – Valcartier
Technical Memorandum
DRDC Valcartier TM 2003–276
February 2007
Author
J.L.Rapanotti
Approved by
PhilipTwardawa
Head,Electro-Optical Warfare
Approved forrelease by
GillesBe´rube´
ChiefScientist
Thisstudyisindirectsupport ofthemajorproject FAVS-TD(FutureAmouredVehicleSystems-
Technology Demonstrator) andminorproject DASforLAVasdescribed inworkunit2fi16.
(cid:2)c HerMajesty theQueenasrepresented bytheMinister ofNational Defence,2007
(cid:2)c Samajeste´ lareine,repre´sente´e parleministre delaDe´fense nationale, 2007
Abstract
LightArmouredVehicles (LAVs)arebeingdeveloped tomeetthemodernrequirements ofrapid
deployment andoperations otherthanwar. Toachieve theserequirements, passive armouris
minimized andsurvivability depends moreonasoft-kill capacity including sensors, computers,
countermeasures andcommunications todetect andavoid threats. Sensors forthese soft-kill
systems arepassive, toavoid being detected, andtherefore canbeusedtodetectthreats atmuch
longer ranges. Battlefield obscuration strategies, optimized forMainBattleTanksintraditional
highintensity conflicts, areinadequate whenapplied toLAVs. LAVsarevulnerable tomany
threats andsufficiently different indesign,capability andbattlefield environment tobenefit
significantly fromnewstrategies. Factorsinfluencing thisrequirement include: i)the
development ofsensors withincreasing accuracy andprecision, ii)theneedtominimize
obscurant interference withvehicle sensors andothercountermeasures, including activearmour
andexplosive reactive armour,iii)theneedtodevelop hemispherical obscurant coverage
extending intothemillimetrewaverange,iv)grenades areneeded tobetter matchtheincreased
tempofromgreater vehiclespeed, mobility andturretslewrate,v)theautomatic configuration
andselection ofgrenade burst patterns based onon-board processing andvehicle networks.
Spectral coverage inthevisible tolong-wave infrared regions isadequate, buttrends inmissile
design areleading tothedevelopment ofhybridseekers, including laserdesignating, MMW
seeking andimaging-infrared seeking capability accelerated byMEMStechnology. With
increased tempo,thetimeneeded toachievefullobscuration becomes critical. Dazzling ofa
detected threatcanbeusedtodisrupt aimingandfiringasecond missile untilfullobscuration is
achieved. Dazzling canalsobeusedwiththelaser-illumination detection ofoptical systems. A
generic threat response, basedondazzling andvisible/IR/MMW grenades ispreferred because of
thelarge numberofpossible threats andthedifficulty indeveloping practical identification
strategies.
Newdazzling andobscuration strategies, based onextensive knowledge acquired through field
trials,willbeanalyzed anddeveloped usingModSAF.Thesenewstrategies andtheapproach
usedtodevelop themwillbediscussed inthememorandum. Theimpact thesetechnologies will
haveonLAVvetronics isalsodiscussed inAnnexA.
DRDCValcartierTM2003–276 i
Re´sume´
Desve´hicules a` blindage le´ger (VBL)sontde´veloppe´s pour re´pondre auxexigences modernes de
de´ploiement rapide etd’ope´rations autresquedans uncontexte deguerre. Pourre´aliser ces
conditions, leblindage passif estre´duit auminimumetlasurvie de´pend davantage delacapacite´
dede´fense passive “soft-kill” comprenant dessyste`mes dede´tection desordinateurs, des
contre-mesures etdescommunications afindede´tecter etd’e´viter lesmenaces. Lessyste`mes de
de´tection sontpassifs etpeuvent donceˆtreemploye´s pourde´tecter lesmenaces a` desdistances
beaucoup plusgrandes. Lesstrate´gies d’obscurcissement dechampdebataille, optimise´es pour
lescharsd’assaut lorsdeconflitsdegrande intensite´, estinsatisfaisante unefoisapplique´es au
VBL.LesVBLsontvulne´rables a` beaucoup demenaces,maisilssontsuffisammentdiffe´rents de
parleurconception, leurs capacite´s etl’environnement duchampdebataille pourbe´ne´ficier de
manie`re significative desnouvelles strate´gies. Lesfacteurs influenc¸antcette condition incluent:
i)lede´veloppement desyste`mes dede´tection avecl’augmentation del’exactitude etdela
pre´cision, ii)lebesoin dere´duireauminimuml’interfe´rence desobscurcissants aveclessyste`mes
dede´tection duve´hicule etd’autres contre-mesures, ycomprisleblindage actifetleblindage
re´actif explosif, iii)lebesoin dede´velopper l’obscurcissement he´misphe´rique pour des
fre´quences millime´triques, iv)desgrenades ne´cessaires pourame´liorer l’harmonie avecletempo
ope´rationnel duve´hicule quiposse`de plusderapidite´, demobilite´ ainsi quelavitesse angulaire
delatourelle, v)d’uneconfiguration etd’un choixautomatique desmode`les dedispersion de
grenades base´ssurletraitement interne desdonne´es etsurlesre´seaux detraitement etde
ve´hicules.
Lacouverture spectrale dansledomaine desfre´quences visibles etdans lesre´gions infrarouges
estade´quate, maislestendances danslaconception desmissiles me`nentlede´veloppement des
teˆteschercheuses hybrides comprenant lede´signateur laser,lesteˆteschercheuses MMWavecles
possibilite´s d’imagerie infrarouge acce´le´re´e parlatechnologie MEMS.Avecuntempoaccru,le
tempsne´cessaire pour re´aliser leplein obscurcissement devient critique. L’e´blouissement d’une
menacede´tecte´e peuteˆtreemploye´ pourperturber lavise´eetlelancement d’un deuxie`me missile
jusqu’a` cequeleplein obscurcissement soitre´alise´. L’e´blouissement laserpeut e´galementeˆtre
employe´ parunilluminateur pourlade´tection dessyste`mes optiques. Unere´ponse ge´ne´rique de
menace,base´e surl’e´blouissement laseretdesgrenades, efficacedans levisible/IR/MMW,est
pre´fe´rable enraison dugrand nombredemenaces possibles etdeladifficulte´ dede´velopper des
strate´gies d’identification pratiques.
Denouvelles strate´gies d’e´blouissement etd’obscurcissement, base´es surlaconnaissance
e´tendue acquise pardesessaisenservice re´el,seront analyse´es etde´veloppe´es enutilisant
ModSAF.Cesnouvelles strate´gies etl’approche employe´e pourlesde´velopper seront discute´es
dansceme´morandum. L’impactdecestechnologies surlesyste`me ve´tronique este´galement
discute´ a` l’annexe A.
ii DRDCValcartierTM2003–276
Executive summary
Soft-kill systemsrely onlong-range passivesensors, obscurants andcountermanoeuvring to
avoid threats. Basedontechnology trends,a2010 systembased largely onoff-the-shelf
components canbeconfigured asfollows:
1. Sensors
(a) Staringarrays providing hemispherical mid-infrared coverage witharesolution of
4096 ×4096 pixelspercorner ofthemainturretandoperating ata60Hzframerate
with
◦
(b) Scanningarrays mounted inamini-turret withaslewrateof750 /sincluding
• mid-infrared coverage, based onanarray of1024 ×1024 pixelswithafieldof
viewof2.5◦×2.5◦ anda60Hzframerate,
• alaser illuminator andrange-gated camerabased onanear-infrared coverage,
based onanarray of1024×1024 pixels withafieldofviewof0.5◦ × 0.5◦ at
60Hz.
2. Countermeasures including:
(a) Obscurationbased onpassive smokegrenades using metal-flakeandchaff providing
hemispherical coverage extended withlaserdazzling tofillinthe1.5sgapuntilfull
obscuration isachieved,
(b) Countermanoeuvringthevehicle withinput fromvetronics sensors androbotic
automation toreduce crewworkload.
Theintegration ofvarious technologies intoaDefensive AidsSuite(DAS)canbedesigned and
analyzed bycombining fieldtrials andlaboratory data withmodelling andsimulation. ModSAF
(Modular Semi-Automated Forces),awar-gaming simulator isused toconstruct avirtual
battlefield based onmodelsfromthreesources, including: modelsoftechnology andnatural
phenomena fromscientists andengineers, tactics anddoctrine fromthemilitary anddetailed
scenarios fromoperations research. Thisapproach ensures themodelling ofprocesses knownto
beimportant regardless ofthelevelofinformation available aboutthesystem. Survivability of
DAS-equipped vehicles basedonfuture andforeign technology canbeinvestigated byModSAF
andassessed relativetoatestvehicle. Asystem canbemodelled phenomenologically until more
information isavailable.
Vehicleperformance isaffected bycommunication withother vehicles andother battlefield
assets. Networking technology developed bySUNMicrosystems todevelop arapid response
subnet wasalsoinvestigated.
J.L.Rapanotti, 2007,“Developing soft-kill capability forlightarmoured vehicles through
battlefield simulations,” DRDCValcartier TM-2003–276, Defence R&DCanada.
DRDCValcartierTM2003–276 iii
Sommaire
Lessyste`mes “soft-kill” de´pendent delade´tection passivea` longue porte´e ainsiquedes
dispositifs obscurcissants etdescontre-mesures poure´viter lesmenaces. Selonlestendances
technologiques pre´vues pourl’an2010,untelsyste`medecomposantes disponibles directement
desmanufacturiers pourrait eˆtreconfigure´ commesuit:
1. Syste`medecapteurs
(a) Capteurfixefournissant unecouverture he´misphe´rique dansl’infrarouge moyen,
4096 ×4096 pixelsparcoindelatourelle principale avecunefre´quence
d’e´chantillonnage de60Hz
(b) Balayage decapteur monte´ surunemini-tourelle avecunevitesse angulaire de
◦
750 /s,
• Couverture dansl’infrarouge moyen,1024×1024 pixelsavec unchampdevision
de2,5◦×2,5◦ a` 60Hz
• Unilluminateur laser etunecame´raa` imagerie activea` cre´nelage endistance
dans leproche infrarouge, 1024x1024 pixels avecunchampdevision de
0,5◦ × 0,5◦ a` 60Hz
2. Contre-mesure incluant:
(a) L’obscurcissement base´ surdesgrenades fumige`nes passives utilisant desflocons de
me´taletdespaillettes pour unecouverture he´misphe´rique, l’e´blouissement laserpeut
e´galement eˆtreutilise´ sansrisquecontre lepersonnel pourcomblerunelacunede1,5s
detempsne´cessaire pourobtenir leplein obscurcissement.
(b) Manœuvree´vasive duve´hiculeavecdesdonne´es transmises parlessyste`mes de
de´tection relie´s ausyste`me ve´troniques etl’automatisation robotique.
L’inte´gration destechnologies multiples afindeformerunesuite d’aides a` lade´fense (SAD)peut
eˆtreconc¸ueetanalyse´e avecunecombinaison d’essais re´elsetdesdonne´es enlaboratoire a` l’aide
delamode´lisation etdelasimulation. ModSAF(Modular Semi-Automated Forces)estutilise´
pourrecre´er unchampdebataille virtuel et,a` l’aide desce´narios sousformedefichiers,des
vignettes peuvent eˆtrede´finies etexe´cute´es a` partir detroissources distinctes. Cescontributions
incluent : lamode´lisation delatechnologie etdesphe´nome`nes naturels parlesscientifiques etles
inge´nieurs, destactiques etdoctrines dupersonnel militaire ainsiquedesanalyses de´taille´es dela
recherche ope´rationnelle. Cetteapproche assurequeleproce´de´ demode´lisation soitcomplet peu
importe l’nformation disponible concernant lesyste`me a` mode´liser. Lasurviabilite´ d’unve´hicule
e´quipe´ d’une SADfonde´e surdestechnologies futures ete´trange`res peut eˆtreexamine´ea` l’aide
deModSAFetexpe´rimente´e surunve´hicule test. Unsyste`me peuteˆtremode´lise´ base´ sur
l’observation duphe´nome`ne. Lemode`le seracorrige´ unefoisqueplusd’informations soient
disponibles.
J.L.Rapanotti, 2007,“Developing soft-kill capability forlightarmoured vehicles through
battlefield simulations,” DRDCValcartier TM-2003–276, Defence R&DCanada.
iv DRDCValcartierTM2003–276
Table of contents
Abstract................................................................................................i
Re´sume´................................................................................................ii
Executivesummary..................................................................................iii
Sommaire.............................................................................................iv
Tableofcontents......................................................................................v
Listoffigures.........................................................................................vi
Listoftables.........................................................................................vii
Acknowledgements.................................................................................viii
1. Introduction..................................................................................1
2. Developing soft-kill capacity................................................................2
2.1 Modelling andsimulation..........................................................3
2.2 Threatdetection.....................................................................7
2.3 Obscuration anddazzling strategies..............................................10
2.3.1 Launcher calculations....................................................12
2.3.2 Automatedthreat responses..............................................12
2.3.3 Soft-killsystem response.................................................13
3. Concluding remarks........................................................................19
4. References..................................................................................21
AnnexA:Vetronics andnetworking................................................................23
Distribution list......................................................................................31
DRDCValcartierTM2003–276 v
List of figures
Figure1.Layersofsurvivability......................................................................2
Figure2.ModSAFdevelopment.....................................................................4
Figure3.Incremental evolution ofDAStechnology.................................................5
Figure4.GeneralDASsystem.......................................................................6
Figure5.LAVoptical system.........................................................................8
Figure6.Typicalgrenade-burst pattern foramainbattle tank.....................................14
Figure7.Solution ofthelauncher equation forvarious launcher andvehicle angles.............15
Figure8.Typicalgrenade-burst pattern based onnewlavrequirements..........................15
Figure9.Dazzling andgrenade-burst patterns forslowing,stopping andbacking up............16
Figure10.Dazzling andgrenade-burst patterns foramoving vehicle.............................17
Figure11.DASobscuration anddazzling countermeasures.......................................17
Figure12.Detection andresponse toautomatic weapon fire......................................18
FigureA1.Turretandsensor pod configuration....................................................25
vi DRDCValcartierTM2003–276