Table Of ContentDetermining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
DETERMINING CORE CAPABILITIES IN CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Committee on Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Research
and Development
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Board on Life Sciences
Division on Earth and Life Studies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
The National Academies Press
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
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were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This material is based upon work supported by the US Department of Defense under award number HQ0034-10-D-
0003, TO #5.
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Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars
engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their
use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has
a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone
is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of
Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the
selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal
government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national
needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M.
Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of
eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the
public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional
charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care,
research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad
community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the
federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has
become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of
Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities.
The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr.
Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council
www.national-academies.org
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Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
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Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
COMMITTEE ON DETERMINING CORE CAPABILITIES IN
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
MIRIAM E. JOHN (Chair), Private Consultant; Vice President, Emeritus, Sandia National
Laboratories, Livermore, CA
DAVID R. FRANZ, Former Commander, USAMRIID, Frederick, MD
JILL M. HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
ANNA JOHNSON-WINEGAR, retired, Office of the Secretary of Defense
CHARLES E. KOLB, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA
C. RICK LYONS, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
JON MOGFORD, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
RANDALL S. MURCH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA
DONALD PROSNITZ, Private Consultant, Livermore, CA
TOM SLEZAK, E.O. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
HENRY H. WILLIS, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA
PATRICK SCANNON, (Consultant) XOMA, Berkeley, CA
GEORGE WHITESIDES, (Consultant) Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Program Officer
KATHRYN HUGHES, Program Officer
AMANDA CLINE, Administrative Assistant
SHEENA SIDDIQUI, Senior Program Associate
RACHEL YANCEY, Senior Program Assistant
Board on Life Sciences
FRAN SHARPLES, Director
INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Senior Program Officer
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
PABLO DEBENEDETTI (Co-Chair), Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
C. DALE POULTER (Co-Chair), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
ZHENAN BAO, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
ROBERT BERGMAN, University of California, Berkeley, CA
HENRY BRYNDZA, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, DE
EMILY CARTER, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
DAVID CHRISTIANSON, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
MARY JANE HAGENSON, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, LLC, The Woodlands, TX
CAROL J. HENRY, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
JILL HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
MICHAEL C. KERBY, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, TX
CHARLES E. KOLB, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA
JOSEF MICHL, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
SANDER G. MILLS, Merck, Sharp, & Dohme Corporation, Whitehouse Station, NJ
DAVID MORSE, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY
ROBERT E. ROBERTS, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA
DARLENE J. S. SOLOMON, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA
JEAN TOM, Bristol-Myers Squibb, West Windsor, NJ
DAVID WALT, Tufts University, Medford, MA
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
TINA MASCIANGOLI, Senior Program Officer
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Program Officer
KATHRYN HUGHES, Program Officer
AMANDA CLINE, Administrative Assistant
SHEENA SIDDIQUI, Senior Program Associate
RACHEL YANCEY, Senior Program Assistant
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES
KEITH R. YAMAMOTO (Chair), University of California, San Francisco, CA
BONNIE L. BASSLER, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
VICKI L. CHANDLER, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, CA
SEAN EDDY, HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA
MARK FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, IL
DAVID R. FRANZ, Former Commander USAMRIID, Frederick, MD
LOUIS J. GROSS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
RICHARD A. JOHNSON, Arnold & Porter, LLC, Washington, DC
CATO T. LAURENCIN, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
ALAN I. LESHNER, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC
BERNARD LO, University of California, San Francisco, CA
KAREN E. NELSON, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD
ROBERT M. NEREM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
MURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
ALISON G. POWER, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
MARGARET RILEY, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
BRUCE W. STILLMAN, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
CYNTHIA WOLBERGER, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
MARY WOOLLEY, Research!America, Alexandria, VA
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF
FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director
JO L. HUSBANDS, Scholar/Senior Project Director
JAY B. LABOV, Senior Scientist/Program Director for Biology Education
KATHERINE W. BOWMAN, Senior Program Officer
INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Senior Program Officer
MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer
KEEGAN SAWYER, Program Officer
BETHLEHEM M. BANJAW, Financial Associate
ORIN E. LUKE, Senior Program Assistant
CARL G. ANDERSON, Program Associate
SAYYEDA AYESHA AHMED, Senior Program Assistant
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Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse
perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's
Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and
critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as
possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and
responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain
confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
R. Stephen Berry, University of Chicago
W. Peter Cherry, Independent Consultant
Joseph M. DeSimone, University of North Carolina
Gerald L. Epstein, US Department of Homeland Security
Thomas G. Ksiazek, University of Texas Medical Branch
Stephen S. Morse, Columbia University
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and
suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they
see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Ed
Przybylowicz, Retired, Eastman Kodak Company, and Robert Frosch, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible
for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance
with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered.
Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and
the institution.
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Determining Core Capabilities in Chemical and Biological Defense Science and Technology
Contents
Summary (cid:9) 14
Chapter 1: Introduction (cid:9) 28
STATEMENT OF TASK AND PURPOSE OF STUDY (cid:9) 28
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT (cid:9) 30
THE COMMITTEE PROCESS (cid:9) 30
THE THREAT IS AMORPHOUS (cid:9) 31
PROPOSED APPROACH (cid:9) 37
CHAPTER ONE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (cid:9) 38
Chapter 2. Framework and Structure (cid:9) 40
ORGANIZATIONAL CONCERNS (cid:9) 40
THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH (cid:9) 45
CHAPTER TWO FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (cid:9) 49
Chapter 3: Core Science and Technology Capabilities for the Chemical and Biological Defense Program (cid:9) 52
ENABLING CBRN INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE (cid:9) 56
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENT DETECTION (cid:9) 62
INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE PROTECTION (cid:9) 65
MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES (cid:9) 68
HAZARD ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND DECONTAMINATION (cid:9) 73
CROSS-CUTTING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (cid:9) 77
SUMMARY OF CBDP CORE CAPABILITIES (cid:9) 87
CHAPTER THREE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (cid:9) 90
Chapter 4: Proposed Approach (cid:9) 94
CAPABILITIES-BASED STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE (cid:9) 94
CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (cid:9) 102
Chapter 5: Management of Science and Technology at CBDP (cid:9) 104
MAINTAINING A CONNECTION TO THE END USER (cid:9) 104
TECHNOLOGY TRANSITION WITHIN CBDP (cid:9) 105
LABORATORY MANAGEMENT (cid:9) 112
LABORATORY MANAGEMENT WITHIN CBDP (cid:9) 120
CHAPTER FIVE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (cid:9) 125
Appendix A: Schedule of Data-Gathering (cid:9) 128
Appendix B: Additional Thoughts on the Nature of the Chemical Threat (cid:9) 132
HARD INTELLIGENCE IS DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN (cid:9) 132
THE USE CASES HAVE CHANGED (cid:9) 132
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS (cid:9) 134
GENERAL CONCERNS (cid:9) 135
Appendix C: Frameworks of the CBDP Enterprise Elements (cid:9) 138
Appendix D: Relationship Comparison of CBDP Enterprise Frameworks to the Committee's S&T Capability
Categories (cid:9) 140
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