Determination of Common Characteristics in Handwriting of Close Genotypic Family Members ...

188 Pages·2017·4.43 MB·English

Determination of Common Characteristics in Handwriting of Close Genotypic
Family Members
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Forensic Science
2017
Submitted By
Vaibhav Saran
Department of Forensic Science
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences
Deemed to be University
Allahabad, U.P., India
ID. No. 09PHFS103
Dedicated to my
Loving Family and Friends
for their Unconditional Love,
Support and Encouragement
Scanned by CamScanner
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Acknowledgements
The completion of my Ph.D. has been a long journey. It’s true that “Life is what
happens” when you are completing your thesis. Life doesn’t stand still, nor wait until you are
finished and have time to manage it. Much as happened and changed in the time I’ve been
involved with this project. Many have questioned whether I would finish my thesis, as have
doubted my commitment to it. I, on the other hand, barring losing confidence so many times
I’ve lost count, getting writer’s block just as many times, beginning another relationship,
computers crashing, needing to work as much as possible, and pure frustration in general, knew
I’d complete my Ph.D. I just had to do it in my own time and on my own terms.
My thesis has always been a priority, but as most know, there are several priorities in
a person’s life at any one time. Unfortunately due to life’s challenges and the changes that
followed, my thesiscould not always be the number one priority. At any rate, I have finished,
but not alone, and am elated.
A doctoral thesis is often described as a solitary endeavor; however the list that follows
definitely proves the opposite. I could not have succeeded without the invaluable support of
several. Without these supporters, especially the select few I’m about to mention, I may not
have gotten to where I am today, at least not sanely. To this select group, I’d like to give special
thanks, to all those who somehow associated to me and encouraged me throughout this
journey.
The journey begins with my enrollment to an esteemed Institution with a glorified 107
years at its back, the Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences,
Allahabad, the success of University is a result of tremendous efforts and contribution of
numerous peoples but there is one person whose dynamic personality, futuristic vision and
spiritual approach made the institution what it is today. Its indeed my proud privilege to
thankfully acknowledge the efforts and vision of Our Honourable Vice Chancellor,
Most Rev. Prof. (Dr.) Rajendra B. Lal who provided an ecumenical institute for
multidisciplinary studies for students across the globe. I shall remain indebted to him for the
Research scholarships scheme of Yeshu Darbar initiated by him for in service candidates.
I would like to express the deepest appreciation to Dr. Sayeed Ahmed for his advice
during my doctoral research endeavor for the past few years. As my supervisor, he has
constantly forced me to remain focused on achieving my goal. To work with him has been a
real pleasure to me, with heaps of fun and excitement. He have been a steady influence
throughout my Ph.D. career; he always oriented and supported me with promptness and care,
and had been patient and encouraging in times of new ideas and difficulties; he always listened
to my ideas and discussions with him frequently led to key insights. His ability to select and
to approach compelling research problems, his high scientific standards, and hard work set an
example. I admire his ability to balance research interests and personal pursuits. Above all, he
made me feel a friend, which I appreciate from my heart.
I extend my deep sense of profound gratitude to the External Examiner Dr. R.M.
Tripathi, Dy. Director & Scientist D, CFSL, Chandigarh for his valuable suggestion which
made the thesis more informative.
I am deeply grateful to my Co-Advisor Dr. A. K. Gupta, Professor and Head,
Department of Forensic Science, SHUATS, Allahabad. His observations and comments
helped me to establish the overall direction of the research and to move forward with
investigation in depth. Under his guidance I successfully overcame many difficulties and
learned a lot. Despite of his hectic schedule, he used to review my thesis progress, give his
invaluable suggestions and made corrections wherever required. His unflinching courage and
convictionalways inspired me, and I hope to continue to work with his noble thoughts I thank
him for providing me with the opportunity to work with him.
It would not have been possible to write this doctoral thesis without the help and
support of my advisory committee members Dr. P. W. Ramteke, Head, Deptt. Of Biological
Sciences, SHUATS & Dr. Ajit Paul, Head Department of Mathematics & Statistics,
SHUATS, their unsurpassed knowledge, good advice, supports and Suggestions, had been
invaluable on both academic and personal level, for which I am extremely grateful.
My intellectual debt is to Mr. P. L. Gupta, for his Assistance in makingme understand
the concepts of MatLab, without his guidance and persistent help this thesis would not have
been possible.
I’d also like to give a heartfelt, special thanks to Dr. Amit Chattree. Head Department
of Chemistry (Former Head Department of Forensic Science) He was not only the Head of
the department until his tenure in the department, but a mentor and source of Inspiration. His
patience, flexibility, genuine caring and concern, and faith in me during the thesis process
enabled me to attend to life while also earning my Ph.D. He’s been motivating, encouraging,
and enlightening. He has never judged nor pushed when he knew I needed to juggle priorities.
We’ve laughed together and he’s also been kind when I needed to cry. When others doubted,
he remained a fan. When I became too serious, his humor and friendly sarcasm allowed me to
laugh and lightened my perspective. Even after his tenure, he remained a supporter and
provided insight and direction-right up to the end. For this, I cannot thank him enough. I am
forever grateful. Thank You Dr. Chattree!
I appreciate the feedback offered by Dr. Lav Kesharwani and Dr.Munish Mishratheir
constructive comments, warm encouragement suggestions had contributedgreatly to the
final copy. A journey is easier when you travel together. Interdependence is certainly more
valuable than independence. Many thanks to my Friends Dr. Jonathan A. Lal, Dr. Suneet
Kumar, Dr. Rajeev Kumar, Er. Ashwani Chandra and Dr. Vijay Tripathi they provided
decisive and energetic support during the write-up stage, clearing the path towards thesis
completion in their solution-oriented way. They were always there when I really needed.
Thank you doesn’t seem sufficient but it is said with appreciation and respect to both of them
for their support, encouragement, care, understanding and precious friendship.
The loyal assistance of Vinay Singh, Kriti Nigam, Anurag Srivastava and other
Research Scholars, ofthe Department who enabled me to bypass the more persistent obstacles
to thesis completion and for all their suggestions, support and creating a pleasant atmosphere
for me here is thankfully acknowledged.
The assistance rendered by Mr. Ajay Wilson Das, & Mr. Rajendra Kumar, Lab
Attendants Department of Forensic Science is thankfully acknowledgements as they made
possible the difficult task of my experiments by providing the necessary facilities in lab
whenever required.
Of course no acknowledgments would be complete without giving thanks to my
parents Mr. Vijay Shanker Srivastava & Mrs. Manju Srivastava. Both have instilled many
admirable qualities in me and given me a good foundation with which to meet life. They’ve
taught me about hard work and self-respect, about persistence and about how to be
independent. Mom, especially, was a great role model of resilience, strength and character.
Both have always expressed how proud they are of me and how much they love me. I too am
proud of them and love them very much. I am grateful for them both and for the ‘smart genes’
they passed on to me.
In addition I’m thankful to my SiblingsMr. Vishal Saran, Dr. (Mrs.)Vibha Saranfor
their motivations and unconditional love and support which persuaded me to accomplish this
task. Special thanks to My Loving Nephew Mr. Vihaan, looking at his innocence and pain
relieving gestures always made me forget the tiredness of the work. I will be failing in my
duties if I do not mention the support & blessings of my Extended family which have always
been a source of inspiration especially My Tau & Tai Ji who always inspired me to complete
my thesis.
I extend a sincere thanks to all my extended family membersand “The Saran Empire”
who have always been a source of motivation and provided unconditional support whenever
required.
Last, but certainly not least, I must acknowledge with tremendous and deep thanks my
Life Partner My Wife, Mrs. Rituja Srivastava. Through her love, patience, support and
unwavering belief in me, I’ve been able to complete thislong thesis journey. She is my biggest
fan and supporter. She has taken care of whatever needed tending to without complaining, just
so I could focus on completing my thesis. She has patiently endured many, many long hours
alone while I worked on my thesis. At the same time, she has also given me so many happy
and beautiful memories throughout this journey. We have laughed and cried, traveled and
played, built and settled, and planned and discussed our lives. I could not have completed this
journey withoutRituja by my side. She went through every excruciating step and mood change
with me, as well as read my study as many times as I, yet somehow made everything less
burdensome. Her wit has kept me smiling and her sarcasm has given me a different view of
the world that has helped keep things in perspective. Rituja has been central to my completion
of this study as she has given me confidence and motivated me in so many ways. Through her
eyes I’ve seen myself as a capable, intelligent man who could do anything once I made up my
mind. There are no words that can express my gratitude and appreciation for all you’ve done
and been for me. As I ramble, I still have not found the words that describe or express how I
feel for this woman and what her presence in my life has meant. She loves me like no one else
has and has changed me for the better. Thank you with all my heart and soul. I love you and
am forever indebted to you for giving me life, your love, and your heart. Your complete and
unconditional love carries me through always.
Above all I would like to thank the Almighty GOD, who stood with me at every stages of life
and bestowed His choicest blessings upon me; it is HE who made anything and everything
possible.
Regrettably, but inevitably, the list of names is incomplete, and I hope that those who are
missing will forgive me, and will still accept my sincere appreciation of their influence on my
work.
Date:
Place: Allahabad
Vaibhav Saran
Abstract
The study entitled “Determination of Common Characteristics in Handwriting of
Closed Genotypic Family Members” was carried out at the Department of Forensic Science,
SHUATS, Allahabad with the major objectives, To determine the similar and different
characteristics in handwriting of closely related genotypic family members, To study the
similarities in handwriting due to same copy book form, To establish a relationship between the
similarity and differences in handwriting due to hereditary and due to adaptability and To provide
a modified and enhanced examination method for questioned document examination.
Since there are several Legal Issues in Handwritten Document Examination which
includes Individuality Problem that is whether the handwriting of every Individual is distinct.
The Validation Problemthat is whether the procedures used by examiners are repeatable and the
Uncertainty Problem that iswhether the inevitable uncertainty in individualization /exclusion can
be quantified.To minimize this Statistical Testscan be used to address the individuality problem.
The method can be formalized to validate existing methods as being repeatable and the use of
computing the methods of analysis by which various probabilities of interest in quantifying
uncertainty in the opinioncan be computed.
In the first phase of the workthe chi square value for the observed frequency of writers of family
were observed and the results were computed as per Pearson chi square test with an alternate
hypothesis that different handwriting combinations of parent has a significant effect on child’s
handwriting,
The second phase of the thesis deals with the chi square value for the observed
frequency of writers among school students who have studied the same copy copybook form,
were collected from different English medium schools of Allahabad and the observations were
made after detailed examination of each set of writing. The results were computed as per Pearson
chi square test to test the Hypothesis considered.
The third phase of the work deals with the analysis to check the statistical significance
of the observations made during the study in order to establish a relationship between the
similarity and differences in handwriting due to hereditary and due to adaptability.
The last part the thesis deals with the computational analysis where 10 families
handwriting were computed in order to observe the similarities among parent and their offspring,
the handwriting were analyzed by a Graphical User Interface tool developed in MatLab, which
computes the values in pixel according to defined mathematical formula.
LIST OF TABLE
Table
Particulars Page No.
No.
3.1 Scanner Specification 20
3.2 System requirements for MatLab 24
3.3 Handwriting feature and their combinations selected for the study 27
3.4 Skeleton for ANOVA table 29
4.1.1 Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Left X Left Slant Parents 44
4.1.2 Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Left X Right Slant Parents 45
4.1.3 Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Left X Vertical Slant Parents 46
4.1.4 Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Right X Right Slant Parents 47
4.1.5 Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Right X Vertical Slant Parents 48
4.1.6 Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Vertical X Vertical Slant Parents 49
Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Uphill X Uphill Alignment
4.2.1 50
Parents
Chi Square distribution of writers in family with Uphill X Parallel Alignment
4.2.2 51
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Uphill X Downhill Alignment
4.2.3 52
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Downhill X Parallel Alignment
4.2.4 53
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Downhill X Downhill Alignment
4.2.5 54
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Parallel X Parallel Alignment
4.2.6 55
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Cursive X Cursive Writing Style
4.3.1 56
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Cursive X Printed Writing Style
4.3.2 57
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Printed X Printed Writing Style
4.3.3 58
Parents
4.4.1 Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Taller T Writing Style Parents 59
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Taller T & Taller H Writing Style
4.4.2 60
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Taller T & Equal TH Writing
4.4.3 61
Style Parents
4.4.4 Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Taller H Writing Style Parents 62
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Taller H&Equal T&H Writing
4.4.5 63
Style Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Equal T&H Writing Style
4.4.6 64
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Tall X Tall Writing Style
4.5.1 65
Parents
Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Tall X Short Writing Style
4.5.2 66
Parents
4.5.3 Chi Square Distribution of writers in family with Tall X Regular Writing Style 67