Detection of light: from the ultraviolet to the submillimeter

376 Pages·2003·2.142 MB·English

by  George Rieke

Detection of Light
DetectionofLightprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheimportant
approachestophotondetectionfromtheultraviolettothesubmillimeterspectral
regions.Thisexpandedandfullyupdatedsecondeditiondiscussesrecently
introducedtypesofdetectorsuchassuperconductingtunneljunctions,hot
electronbolometermixers,andfullydepletedCCDs,andalsoincludes
historicallyimportantdevicessuchasphotographicplates.Subjectmatterfrom
manydisciplinesiscombinedintoacomprehensiveandunifiedtreatmentofthe
detectionoflight,withemphasisontheunderlyingphysicalprinciples.Chapters
havebeenthoroughlyreorganizedtomakethebookeasiertouse,andeach
includesproblemswithsolutionsasappropriate.Thisself-containedtext
assumesonlyanundergraduatelevelofphysics,anddevelopsunderstandingas
itisneeded.Itissuitableforadvancedundergraduateandgraduatestudents,and
willprovideavaluablereferenceforprofessionalsinastronomy,engineering,
andphysics.
george riekeisaProfessorofAstronomyandPlanetarySciencesatthe
UniversityofArizona.AfterreceivinghisPh.D.ingamma-rayastronomyfrom
HarvardUniversity,hefocusedhisworkontheinfraredandsubmillimeter
spectralranges.Hehasbeeninvolvedininstrumentationanddetectors
throughouthiscareer,applyingthemtothestudiesofplanets,formingstars,
activegalacticnuclei,andstarburstgalaxies.Riekehasalsohelpedtoestablish
thefoundationsofinfraredastronomyinareassuchascalibrationand
instrumentaltechniques,andisauthororco-authorofover300publicationsin
theseareas.

Detection of Light
From the Ultraviolet to
the Submillimeter
second edition
G. H. Rieke
University of Arizona
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521816366
© Cambridge University Press 1994, 2003
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2002
- 
isbn-13 978-0-511-06518-7 eBook (NetLibrary)
- 
isbn-10 0-511-06518-3 eBook (NetLibrary)
- 
isbn-13 978-0-521-81636-6 hardback
- 
isbn-10 0-521-81636-X hardback
isbn--13 978-0-521-01710-7 paperback
- 
isbn-10 0-521-01710-6 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not
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Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Radiometry 1
1.2 Detectortypes 8
1.3 Performancecharacteristics 8
1.4 Solidstatephysics 17
1.5 Superconductors 24
1.6 Examples 25
1.7 Problems 27
Notes 29
Furtherreading 29
2 Intrinsicphotoconductors 31
2.1 Basicoperation 32
2.2 Limitationsandoptimization 39
2.3 Performancespecification 50
2.4 Example:designofaphotoconductor 53
2.5 Problems 54
Notes 56
Furtherreading 56
v
vi Contents
3 Extrinsicphotoconductors 57
3.1 Basics 58
3.2 Limitations 61
3.3 Variants 68
3.4 Problems 76
Note 77
Furtherreading 77
4 Photodiodesandotherjunction-baseddetectors 78
4.1 Basicoperation 79
4.2 Quantitativedescription 84
4.3 Photodiodevariations 96
4.4 Quantumwelldetectors 103
4.5 Superconductingtunneljunctions(STJs) 109
4.6 Example 113
4.7 Problems 113
Furtherreading 115
5 Amplifiersandreadouts 116
5.1 Buildingblocks 116
5.2 Loadresistorandamplifier 119
5.3 Transimpedanceamplifier(TIA) 120
5.4 Integratingamplifiers 125
5.5 Performancemeasurement 134
5.6 Examples 139
5.7 Problems 142
Furtherreading 143
6 Arrays 145
6.1 Overview 146
6.2 Infraredarrays 147
6.3 Chargecoupleddevices(CCDs) 151
6.4 CMOSimagingarrays 175
6.5 DirecthybridPINdiodearrays 176
6.6 Arrayproperties 176
6.7 Example 181
6.8 Problems 183
Contents vii
Notes 185
Furtherreading 185
7 Photoemissivedetectors 187
7.1 Generaldescription 187
7.2 Photocathodebehaviorandphotondetectionlimits 193
7.3 Practicaldetectors 195
7.4 Vacuumtubetelevision-typeimagingdetectors 211
7.5 Example 213
7.6 Problems 215
Furtherreading 216
8 Photography 217
8.1 Basicoperation 217
8.2 Underlyingprocesses 219
8.3 Characteristiccurve 224
8.4 Performance 226
8.5 Example 235
8.6 Problems 236
Furtherreading 237
9 Bolometersandotherthermaldetectors 238
9.1 Basicoperation 239
9.2 Detailedtheoryofsemiconductorbolometers 240
9.3 Superconductingbolometers 250
9.4 Bolometerconstructionandoperation 254
9.5 Otherthermaldetectors 264
9.6 Operatingtemperature 268
9.7 Example:designofabolometer 271
9.8 Problems 273
Note 274
Furtherreading 274
10 Visibleandinfraredcoherentreceivers 275
10.1 Basicoperation 275
10.2 Visibleandinfraredheterodyne 279
10.3 Performanceattributesofheterodynereceivers 286
viii Contents
10.4 Testprocedures 296
10.5 Examples 297
10.6 Problems 300
Notes 301
Furtherreading 301
11 Submillimeter-andmillimeter-waveheterodynereceivers 302
11.1 Basicoperation 302
11.2 Mixers 306
11.3 Performancecharacteristics 320
11.4 Localoscillators 322
11.5 Problems 326
Notes 327
Furtherreading 330
12 Summary 331
12.1 Quantumefficiencyandnoise 331
12.2 Linearityanddynamicrange 332
12.3 Numberofpixels 332
12.4 Timeresponse 333
12.5 Spectralresponseandbandwidth 334
12.6 Practicalconsiderations 334
12.7 Overview 335
12.8 Problems 335
Note 336
Furtherreading 336
Appendices
A Physicalconstants 338
B Answerstoselectedproblems 339
References 342
Index 356
Preface
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the important technologies for
photondetectionfromthemillimeter-wavethroughtheultravioletspectralregions.
The reader should gain a good understanding of the similarities and contrasts, the
strengthsandweaknessesofthemultitudeofapproachesthathavebeendeveloped
over a century of effort to improve our ability to sense photons. The emphasis is
alwaysuponthemethodsofoperationandphysicallimitstodetectorperformance.
Briefmentionissometimesmadeofthecurrentlyachievedperformancelevels,but
onlytoplacethebroaderphysicalprinciplesinapracticalcontext.
Writing is a process of successive approximations toward poorly defined goals.
Asecondeditionnotonlybringsabookuptodate,italsoallowsreconsiderationof
thegoalsandpermitsanewseriesofapproximationstowardthem.Specificgoalsfor
thiseditionareto:
(cid:1)
Provideabridgefromgeneralphysicsintothemethodsusedforphoton
detection;
(cid:1)
Guidereadersintomoredetailedandtechnicaltreatmentsofindividualtopics;
(cid:1)
Giveabroadoverviewofthesubject;
(cid:1)
Makethebookaccessibletothewidestpossibleaudience.
Basedontheextensivesurveyoftheliteraturethataccompaniedpreparationofthis
edition,thesegoalshaveledtoauniquebook.Itcombinessubjectmatterfrommany
disciplines that usually have little interaction into a comprehensive treatment of a
unifiedtopic(inpreparingthebook,Ifrequentedatleastadozendistinctareasinthe
library!).
ix