detecting interlayer delamination in asphalt airport pavements using strain gage instrumentation ...

139 Pages·2014·6.93 MB·English

DETECTING INTERLAYER DELAMINATION IN ASPHALT AIRPORT PAVEMENTS
USING STRAIN GAGE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
HAWAIʻI AT MᾹNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DECEMBER 2014

By
Karissa K. Cook

Thesis Committee:
Amarjit Singh, Chairperson
Navneet Garg
Lin Shen

Keywords: Slippage Failure, Interface Debonding, Runway, Taxiway
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like acknowledge and thank the Federal Aviation Administration
National Airport Pavement Test Facility for the guidance and use of data files from the strain
gage instrumentation system installed at Newark Liberty International Airport. Without their
knowledge and support, this research would not have been possible. Support and coordination
with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation
Airports Division, and the airport management at Kahului Airport were integral to the successful
completion of this research. Finally, the author wishes to express sincere gratitude to the thesis
committee members for their invaluable guidance and feedback.

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ABSTRACT

Slippage failures can be found in asphalt airport pavement areas where aircraft brake and
turn, such as high-speed exits, as a result of high surface shear forces. At the intersection of
Runway 4R-22L and High-Speed Taxiway N (HST-N) at Newark Liberty International Airport
(EWR), interlayer delamination was determined to be the cause of slippage failure. In 2012, an
asphalt strain gage system developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National
Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) was installed to detect the delamination. Delamination
was successfully detected by the instrumentation installed at EWR Runway 4R-22L near the
intersection of HST-N, by identifying large discrepancies in strain responses between gages
installed in the upper and lower layers of pavement. Strain responses are shown to be affected by
aircraft speed, temperature at the interface, and time, while statistical analysis confirms that the
delamination measurements used are significant.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ II
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. III
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ VI
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ X
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1
1.1 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 SCOPE AND OUTLINE .................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................ 4
2.1 BACKGROUND OF RUNWAY DISTRESS RESEARCH ..................................................................... 4
2.1.1 National Airport Pavement Test Facility ............................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Instrumentation Projects in the Field ................................................................................. 6
2.1.3 Asphalt Pavement Distress Types ....................................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Literature Review of Pavement Interface Delamination and Slippage Failure .................. 9
2.2 HISTORY OF PAVEMENT DISTRESSES AT AIRPORTS OF INTEREST ............................................ 13
2.2.1 EWR Runway 4R-22L ....................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 OGG .................................................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER 3. INSTRUMENTATION PROJECTS IN HAWAI`I ..................................... 19
3.1 ATTEMPTED INSTALLATION AT OGG IN 2014 .......................................................................... 19
3.1.1 Project Description and Goals ......................................................................................... 19
3.1.2 Installation Components and Material Procurement ....................................................... 25
3.1.3 Construction Scheduling ................................................................................................... 29
3.1.4 Construction Regulations and Safety ................................................................................ 30
3.2 PLANNED INSTALLATION AT HNL IN 2016 ............................................................................... 32
CHAPTER 4. INSTALLED INSTRUMENTATION AT EWR ......................................... 33
4.1 INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT .................................................................................................... 34
4.2 DATA COLLECTION AND TRANSMISSION .................................................................................. 37
4.3 INFIELD PROGRAM.................................................................................................................... 38
4.3.1 Viewing Data Files from EWR .......................................................................................... 38
4.3.2 Metadata ........................................................................................................................... 44
4.4 ASPHALT STRAIN GAGE RESPONSES ........................................................................................ 45
4.4.1 General Strain Gage Information ..................................................................................... 47
4.4.2 Transverse Strain Gage Responses ................................................................................... 49
4.4.3 Longitudinal Strain Gage Responses ................................................................................ 51
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4.4.4 Effects of Aircraft Landing Configurations ...................................................................... 52
4.4.5 Other Strain Gage Behaviors............................................................................................ 55
4.4.6 Strain Gage Errors ........................................................................................................... 57
4.5 DATA COLLECTION METHODS .................................................................................................. 59
4.5.1 Cataloguing Tests and Events of Interest ......................................................................... 59
4.5.2 Recording Event Data Peaks ............................................................................................ 62
4.6 DETECTING DELAMINATION WITH ASPHALT STRAIN GAGES .................................................. 64
4.6.1 Evidence of Delamination in Strain Gage Responses ....................................................... 67
4.7 DATA PLOTTING AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 69
4.7.1 Aircraft Speed ................................................................................................................... 69
4.7.2 Temperature at the Pavement Interface ............................................................................ 71
4.7.3 Responses with Respect to Time ....................................................................................... 73
4.7.4 Magnitude and Center of Delamination with Respect to Time ......................................... 75
4.8 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 80
4.8.1 Frequency Distributions ................................................................................................... 80
4.8.1 Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Test Analysis ................................................................................. 81
4.8.2 Difference between Means ................................................................................................ 83
4.8.3 Correlation Analysis ......................................................................................................... 84
CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................. 88
5.1 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 88
5.2 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 89
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 90
APPENDIX A. TASK ANALYSIS FOR ATTEMPTED INSTRUMENTATION INSTALLATION AT
OGG 2014 ................................................................................................................................. 91
APPENDIX B. INDIVIDUAL STRAIN GAGE RESPONSE REPORTS ............................................ 97
APPENDIX C. STRAIN GAGE DATA TABLES AT ALL STRAIN GAGES .................................. 119
APPENDIX D. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS T-TESTS AND Z-TESTS FOR INDIVIDUAL
GAGE PAIRS ......................................................................................................................... 121
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 128

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Dynamic Strain Gage Specifications (Geocomp) ........................................................... 48
Table 2. TC Readings for Changing Strain without a Loading Event Example ........................... 56
Table 3. Tests of Interest Catalogue ............................................................................................. 60
Table 4. List of All Significant Aircraft Event Loadings for Analysis ......................................... 62
Table 5. Catalogue of Strain Gage Delamination Evidence in ASG Pairs ................................... 75
Table 6. KST Table of All ∆ Strain Events .................................................................................. 82
Table 7. Mean, Median, Mode, and Standard Deviation of Data Streams ................................... 83

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. National Airport Pavement Test Vehicle (NAPTV) ....................................................... 5
Figure 2. Heavy Vehicle Simulator for Airports, Located at the NAPTF ...................................... 6
Figure 3. Map of Climactic Regions of Installed Instrumentation (Courtesy of FAA) .................. 7
Figure 4. Superposition of Forces in Airport Pavements in Braking and Turning Areas ............. 10
Figure 5. Cores from Slippage Areas of Runway 4R-22L (Bognacki et al. 2007) ....................... 14
Figure 6. Visual Evidence of Slippage at Runway 4R-22L, August 2014 ................................... 15
Figure 7. Alligator Cracking at OGG ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 8. High Severity Longitudinal, Transverse, and Block Cracking at OGG ........................ 16
Figure 9. Rutting at Runway 2-20 of OGG................................................................................... 17
Figure 10. Surface Shoving at OGG ............................................................................................. 17
Figure 11. Slippage Cracking in Keel Section of OGG Runway 2-20 ......................................... 18
Figure 12. Data Collection and Transmission Architecture.......................................................... 20
Figure 13. Side Profile of OGG Planned Installation Works........................................................ 22
Figure 14. Overhead View of Planned Installation at OGG ......................................................... 22
Figure 15. DAQ Cabinet (Courtesy of FAA)................................................................................ 24
Figure 16. Close-up of ASGs Embedded in Base Layer (milled HMA surface) at EWR ............ 24
Figure 17. Lighting Can Configuration Detail .............................................................................. 25
Figure 18. Wires Entering Pullbox through Conduit Openings (Courtesy of FAA) .................... 26
Figure 19. Proposed Location of Instrumentation and DAQ at HNL (Courtesy of FAA) ........... 32
Figure 20. Timeline of Instrumentation and Monitoring at EWR ................................................ 33
Figure 21. Location of the Intersection of Runway 4R-22L and HST-N at EWR ....................... 33
Figure 22. Installation Location at EWR (Courtesy of FAA) ....................................................... 34
Figure 23. Original Strain Gage Layout Design at EWR (Courtesy of FAA) .............................. 35
Figure 24. Installed Strain Gage Layout at EWR ......................................................................... 36
Figure 25. Sensor Location at EWR Relative to Interface and Travel Direction. ........................ 36
Figure 26. Depths of TCs Installed at EWR ................................................................................. 37
Figure 27. Screenshot (1) from Camera Installed at EWR ........................................................... 38
Figure 28. Screenshot (2) from Camera Installed at EWR ........................................................... 39
Figure 29. Opening a File in InField Program .............................................................................. 40
Figure 30. Active Channels List Display in InField ..................................................................... 40
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Figure 31. Individual Sensor Plot in InField ................................................................................. 41
Figure 32. Highlighted Sensor Plot for Detailed Inspection in InField ........................................ 41
Figure 33. Close-up View of Sensor Loading Event in InField ................................................... 42
Figure 34. Side-by-side Individual Plot of a Sensor Pair in InField ............................................. 42
Figure 35. Overplot of Two Sensor Channels in InField .............................................................. 43
Figure 36. Tabular Data Display in InField .................................................................................. 43
Figure 37. Selecting the Peak Strain Values in InField ................................................................ 44
Figure 39. Guide to ASG Response Types ................................................................................... 47
Figure 40. Asphalt Stain Gage (Geocomp) ................................................................................... 48
Figure 41. Orientation and Layout of TSGs ................................................................................. 49
Figure 42. Response from TSG in Aircraft Wheel-path (Bonded) ............................................... 49
Figure 43. Response from TSG Outside of Aircraft Wheel path (Bonded).................................. 50
Figure 44. Compressive Strain Due to Rollover at TSG Pair 9 (Bonded) .................................... 50
Figure 45. Individual Plots of Compressive Strain Due to Rollover at TSG 9 (Bonded)............. 51
Figure 46. Orientation and Layout of TSGs ................................................................................. 51
Figure 47. Typical Strain Response Profile from LSG Pair (Bonded) ......................................... 52
Figure 48. Aircraft Landing Gear Configurations ........................................................................ 53
Figure 49. TSG Response for Dual Wheel Landing Gear Configuration Inside Wheel-path ...... 53
Figure 50. Boeing 737 Landing Gear Configuration .................................................................... 54
Figure 51. TSG Response from Dual Tandem Configuration, Outside of Wheel-path ................ 55
Figure 52. Boeing 757 with Dual Tandem Landing Gear ............................................................ 55
Figure 53. Changing Strain Response without a Loading Event .................................................. 56
Figure 54. Erratic Sensor Reading, TSG 7A ................................................................................. 57
Figure 55. Quiet Sensor Response, LSG 7A (Green) ................................................................... 58
Figure 56. Final Layout of Working ASGs at EWR, Broken Gages Marked with “X” ............... 59
Figure 57. Data Collection for Dual Wheel Loads on TSGs (Side of TSG, Bonded) .................. 63
Figure 58. Data Collection for Dual Tandem Loads on TSGs (Side of TSG, Bonded) ............... 63
Figure 59. Data Collection Template for Dual Wheel Loads on LSGs (Bonded) ........................ 64
Figure 60. Data Collection Template for Dual Tandem Loads on LSGs (Bonded) ..................... 64
Figure 61. Neutral Axis Realignment as a Result of Interlayer Delamination ............................. 65
Figure 62. Fully-Bonded Pavement Modelled as a Beam ............................................................ 66
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Figure 63. Debonded Pavement Layers Modelled as a Beam ...................................................... 67
Figure 64. No Delamination in LSG Pair 6 .................................................................................. 67
Figure 65. Early Indications of Delamination in LSG Pair 6 ....................................................... 68
Figure 66. Delamination Evidence in LSG Pair 6 ........................................................................ 69
Figure 67. Plot of Δ Strain vs. Aircraft Speed (Bonded) .............................................................. 70
Figure 68. Plot of Δ Strain vs. Aircraft Speed (Delamination) ..................................................... 71
Figure 69. Δ Strain vs. Temperature from TC-C at the Interface (Bonded) ................................. 72
Figure 70. Δ Strain vs. Temperature from TC-C at the Interface (Delamination) ........................ 72
Figure 71. Plot of Non-Delamination and Delamination Events vs. Time ................................... 73
Figure 72. LSG Pair 6 Progression with Respect to Time ............................................................ 74
Figure 73. Degree and Frequency of Delamination for All 2013 Events ..................................... 76
Figure 74. Degree and Frequency of Delamination for All 2014 Events ..................................... 76
Figure 75. Center of Delamination, 2013 ..................................................................................... 77
Figure 76. Center of Delamination, 2014 ..................................................................................... 77
Figure 77. Superposition of CODs on Runway 4R-22L at HST-N .............................................. 79
Figure 78. Magnitude of Total Delamination Scores Over Time ................................................. 79
Figure 79. Frequency Distributions of Δ Strain (Bonded, Delamination) .................................... 80
Figure 80. Combined Frequency Distributions of Δ Strain .......................................................... 81
Figure 81. Correlation of All TSG Pair Responses with No Delamination Evidence .................. 85
Figure 82. Correlation of All LSG Pair Responses with No Delamination Evidence .................. 85
Figure 83. Correlation of All TSG Pair Responses with Delamination Evidence ........................ 86
Figure 84. Correlation of All LSG Pair Responses with Delamination Evidence ........................ 87

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC – Advisory Circular
ASG – Asphalt Strain Gage
CEE – Civil and Environmental Engineering
COD – Center of Delamination
CSPP – Construction Safety and Phasing Plan
EWR – Newark Liberty International Airport
FAA – Federal Aviation Administration
FOD – Foreign Object Debris
HDOT-A – Hawaiʻi Department of Transportation: Airports Division
HMA – Hot Mix Asphalt
HNL – Honolulu International Airport
HST-N – High-Speed Taxiway N
HVS-A – Heavy Vehicle Simulator for Airports
KST – Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Test
LC – Lighting Can
LSG – Longitudinal Strain Gage
NAPTF – National Airport Pavement Test Facility
NAPTV – National Airport Pavement Test Vehicle
OGG – Kahului Airport
PANYNJ – Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
PCC – Portland Cement Concrete
TC – Thermocouple
TSG – Transverse Strain Gage
UH – University of Hawai`i

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