Designer's guide to Eurocode 1 : actions on buildings : EN 1991-1-1 and -1-3 to -1-7

266 Pages·2009·7.55 MB·English

by  Calgaro

DESIGNERS’ GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
DESIGNERS’ GUIDE TO EUROCODE 1:
ACTIONS ON BUILDINGS
EN1991-1-1 AND -1-3 TO -1-7
Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
Eurocode Designers’ Guide series
Designers’ Guide to EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design. H. Gulvanessian, J.-A. Calgaro and
M.Holicky´.9780727730114.Published2002.
Designers’ Guide to Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5.
General rules, seismic actions, design rules for buildings, foundations and retaining structures. M. Fardis,
E.Carvalho,A.Elnashai,E.Faccioli,P.PintoandA.Plumier.9780727733481.Published2005.
Designers’ Guide to EN 1994-1-1. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, Part 1-1:
GeneralRulesandRulesforBuildings.R.P.JohnsonandD.Anderson.9780727731517.Published2004.
Designers’GuidetoEurocode7:Geotechnicaldesign.EN1997-1Generalrules.R.Frank,C.Bauduin,R.Driscoll,
M.Kavvadas,N.KrebsOvesen,T.OrrandB.Schuppener.9780727731548.Published2004.
Designers’GuidetoEurocode3:Design ofSteelStructures. EN1993-1-1 Generalrulesandrules forbuildings.
L.GardnerandD.Nethercot.9780727731630.Published2005.
Designers’GuidetoEurocode2:DesignofConcreteStructures.EN1992-1-1andEN1992-1-2Generalrulesand
rulesforbuildingsandstructuralfiredesign.R.S.NarayananandA.W.Beeby.9780727731050.Published
2005.
Designers’GuidetoEN1994-2.Eurocode4:Designofcompositesteelandconcretestructures.Part2General
rulesforbridges.C.R.HendyandR.P.Johnson.9780727731616.Published2006
Designers’GuidetoEN1992-2.Eurocode2:Designofconcretestructures.Part2:Concretebridges.C.R.Hendy
andD.A.Smith.978-0-7277-3159-3.Published2007.
Designers’ Guide to EN 1991-1-2, EN 1992-1-2, EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2. T. Lennon, D.B. Moore,
Y.C.WangandC.G.Bailey.9780727731579.Published2007.
Designers’GuidetoEN1993-2.Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures.Part2:Steelbridges.C.R.HendyandC.J.
Murphy.9780727731609.Published2007.
Designers’ Guide to EN 1991-1.4. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures, general actions. Part 1-4 Wind actions.
N.Cook.9780727731524.Published2007.
Designers’GuidetoEurocode1:Actionsonbuildings.EN1991-1-1and-1-3to-1-7.H.Gulvanessian,P.Formichi
andJ.-A.Calgaro.9780727731562.Published2009.
Designers’GuidetoEurocode1:ActionsonBridges.EN1991-1-1,-1-3to-1-7andEN1991-2.J.-A.Calgaro,
M.TschumiandH.Gulvanessian.9780727731586.Forthcoming:2009.
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DESIGNERS’ GUIDES TO THE EUROCODES
DESIGNERS’ GUIDE TO EUROCODE 1:
ACTIONS ON BUILDINGS
EN1991-1-1 AND -1-3 TO -1-7
H. Gulvanessian, P. Formichi and J.-A. Calgaro
with contributions to Part 7 from Geoff Harding
Series editor
H. Gulvanessian
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Firstpublished2009
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Preface
EN1991:Eurocode1:ActionsonStructuresincludestenpartswhichprovidecomprehensive
informationandguidanceonallactionsthatitisnormallynecessarytoconsiderinthedesign
of building and civil engineering structures. All parts have now been published by the
European Committee forStandardisation (CEN) asEuropean Standards (EN).
Aims and objectives of this guide
Theprincipalaimofthisbookistoprovidetheuserwithguidanceontheinterpretationand
useon actions on buildingsin the followingparts ofEN1991: Actions on Structures.
EN1991-1-1:Eurocode1:ActionsonStructures:Part1-1:Densities,self-weightandimposed
loads
EN1991-1-3: Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures: Part 1-3: Snow loads
EN1991-1-4: Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures: Part 1-4: Wind actions
EN1991-1-5: Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures: Part 1-5: Thermalactions
EN1991-1-6: Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures: Part 1-6: Actions during execution
EN1991-1-7: Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures: Part 1-7: Accidentalactions
GuidanceontheinterpretationanduseofEN1991-1-2:Eurocode1:ActionsonStructures;
Part1-2: Actions on structures exposed tofireis not provided in this book butthe user will
find this information in the Thomas Telford Designers’ Guide to the Eurocode Fire Parts
(EN1991-1-2; EN1992-1-2; EN1991-1-3 and EN1991-1-4) by Colin Bailey, Tom Lennon,
David MooreandYongWang.
The guidance given on the part in this Designers’ Guide on EN1991-1-4: Eurocode 1:
Actions on Structures: Part 1-4: Wind Actions is for the design of the everyday general
building.Forinformationonmattersrelatingtodynamicsensitivebuilding,vortexshedding
etc. reference should be made to the Thomas Telford Designers’ Guide on EN1991-1-4:
WindActions by N. J.Cook.
For guidance on the interpretation use on actions on bridges in the appropriate parts of
EN1991: Actions on Structures, the user should use the sister book to this volume, namely
the ThomasTelford Designers’ Guide toEN1991: Actions on Bridges.
In producing this guide the authors have endeavoured to provide explanations and
commentarytotheclausesinEN1991forallthecategoriesofusersidentifiedintheforeword
of each Eurocode part. Although the Eurocodes are primarily intended for the design of
buildings and civil engineering works, EN1991 is intended for the consideration of more
categories ofusers whoinclude:
. designers and contractors
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DESIGNERS’ GUIDE TO EUROCODE 1
. clients
. product manufacturers
. public authorities and other bodieswho produce regulations.
Layout of this guide
EN1991: Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures has ten parts which are described in the
Introduction to this Designers’ Guide. This guide gives guidance on the parts mentioned
above. The Guide is divided into seven parts with for example Part 1 covering EN1991-1-
1; Part 3 covering EN1991-1-3; Part 5 covering EN1991-1-5 etc. Each part of the guide
has a number of chapters, each numbered as for the sections of each Eurocode part with
further chapters for each of the annexes. For example, for EN1991-1-1 Chapters 1 to 6
correspond to Sections 1 to 6 of EN1991-1-1, and Chapters 7 to 8 correspond to Annexes
A and B ofEN1991-1-1respectively.
All cross-references in this guide to sections, clauses, sub-clauses, annexes, figures and
tables of EN1991 or its National Annexes are in italic type. Where text from a clause of
EN1991 hasbeen directly reproduced, this isalso shown in italics.
Examples and background information areset inshaded boxes.
SometablesgiveninthisguideshowthestyleofthetablesofEN1991butdonotgivethe
complete information. Complete datacan be obtained from EN1991.
Acknowledgements
ThisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesuccessfulcompletionofEN1991and
theauthorswouldliketothankallthosewhocontributedtoitspreparation.Thoseinvolved
included the members of the Project Teams and the National Delegations. The following
individualsareespeciallythanked:ProfessorLucaSanpaolesi,ProfessorGerhardSedlacek,
Dr Paul Luchinger, MrLarsAlbretkson and Mr MalcolmGreenley.
MrGeoffHardingdeservesaspecialthankyouforhisadviceonPart7ofthisDesigner’s
guide.
While this book was being prepared, Professor Gulvanessian was involved in producing
the Institution of Structural Engineer’s manual on EN1990 and EN1991. Some of the
content of the current guide springs from the IstructE committee producing the manual
and the authors acknowledge in particular John Tubman, David Dibbs-Fuller and John
Littler.
Professor Gulvanessian would also especially like to thank Rohan Rupasinghe of the
Building ResearchEstablishment (BRE) who was hisconstant soundingboard.
This book is dedicated to the following:
. The authors’ employers and supporters, BRE Garston and the Department of Com-
munities and Local Government, London; the University of Pisa and the General
Council for Environment and Sustainable Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable
Development and Town and CountryPlanning, Paris.
. Theauthors’wives,VeraGulvanessian,EnricaFormichiandElisabethCalgaro,fortheir
support and patienceoverthe years.
vi
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Contents
Preface v
Aims and objectives of this guide v
Layoutof this guide vi
Acknowledgements vi
Introduction 1
Background to theEurocode programme 1
Status and fieldof application of theEurocodes 3
Nationalstandards implementing theEN Eurocode 3
Additional information on EN1991 4
NationalAnnexes on EN1991 7
References 7
PART 1:EN 1991-1-1 9
Chapter 1. General 11
1.1. Scope 11
1.2. Normative references 12
1.3. Distinction between principles andapplication rules 12
1.4. Terms and definitions 13
1.5. Symbols 14
Chapter 2. Classification ofactions 15
2.1. Self-weight 15
Example 2.1 16
2.2. Imposed loads 17
Chapter 3. Design situations 19
3.1. General 19
3.2. Permanentloads 20
Example 3.1 20
3.3. Imposed loads 22
Example 3.2. A cantilever beam against overturning (reference
Table A1.2(A) ofEN1990) 23
Example 3.3. A three-span continuous floor slab (reference
Table A1.2(B) of EN1990) 25
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Chapter 4. Densities ofconstruction and stored materials 29
4.1. General 29
Chapter 5. Self-weight ofconstruction works 31
5.1. Representation of actions 31
5.2. Characteristic values of self-weight 32
Chapter 6. Imposed loads on buildings 35
6.1. Representation of actions 35
6.2. Load arrangements 37
6.3. Characteristic values of imposed loads 38
Chapter 7. Annex A(informative)
Tables for nominal density ofconstruction materials, and nominal
density andangles ofrepose for storedmaterials 55
Chapter 8. Annex B of EN1991-1-1: Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks 57
Example 58
References 59
PART 2:EN 1991-1-2 61
Chapter 1. Eurocode 1– Actions on structures: Part 1.2: General Actions –
Actions on structures exposed tofire 63
References 63
PART 3:EN 1991-1-3 65
Chapter 1. General 67
1.1. Scope 67
1.2. Normative references 68
1.3. Assumptions 68
1.4. Distinctionbetween Principles and Application Rules 69
1.5. Design assisted by testing 69
1.6. Terms and definitions 69
1.7. Symbols 70
Chapter 2. Classification ofactions 71
Chapter 3. Design situations 73
3.1. General 73
3.2. Normalconditions 74
3.3. Exceptional conditions 74
Chapter 4. Snow load onthe ground 77
4.1. Characteristic values 77
4.2. Otherrepresentativevalues 80
4.3. Treatmentof exceptional snow loads on the ground 80
Example 4.1 81
Chapter 5. Snow load onroofs 83
5.1. Natureof the load 83
5.2. Load arrangements 83
5.3. Roof shapecoefficients 89
viii
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CONTENTS
Example 5.1 92
Example 5.2 93
Example 5.3 93
Example 5.4 97
Example 5.5 98
Chapter 6. Local effects 101
6.1. General 101
6.2. Drifting atprojectionsand obstructions 101
Example 6.1 101
6.3. Snow overhangingthe edge of aroof 102
6.4. Snow loads on snowguards and other obstacles 104
Example 6.2 104
Example 6.3 105
Chapter 7. Annex A. Designsituations and load arrangements tobeused for
differentlocations 107
Chapter 8. Annex B. Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts 109
Chapter 9. Annex C. European ground snow load maps 111
Example C.1 114
Chapter 10. Annex D. Adjustment ofthegroundsnow load accordingto return
period 117
Chapter 11. Annex E. Bulk weight density ofsnow 121
References 123
PART 4:EN 1991-1-4 125
Chapter 1. General 127
1.1. Scope 127
1.2. Definitions and symbols 127
Chapter 2. Design situations 131
Chapter 3. Modellingofwindactions 133
Chapter 4. Wind velocity andvelocitypressures 135
4.1. Basis forcalculation 135
4.2. Basic values 135
4.3. Mean wind 137
4.4. Wind turbulence 138
UK National Annex 138
4.5. Peak velocity pressure 139
UK National Annex 140
4.6. Explanation of h displacement height 144
dis
Chapter 5. Wind actions 145
5.1. General 145
5.2. Wind pressures on surfaces 145
5.3. Wind forces 145
Chapter 6. Structural factor c c 149
s d
ix
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DESIGNERS’ GUIDE TO EUROCODE 1
Example 6.1. Comparing cc values between EN1991-1-4and the
s d
BSI NA 150
Wake buffeting 151
Chapter 7. Pressure and force coefficients 153
General 153
Choice of aerodynamiccoefficient 153
Chapter 8. Annexes toEN1991-1-4 155
References 156
PART 5:EN 1991-1-5 157
Chapter 1. General 159
1.1. Scope 159
1.2. Normative references 159
Introductory advice for using this EN1991-1-5 forthe design
ofbuildings 160
1.3. Assumptions 161
1.4. Distinctionbetween Principles and Application Rules 161
1.5. Terms and definitions 161
1.6. Symbols 161
Chapter 2. Classification ofactions 163
Example 2.1 164
Chapter 3. Design situations 165
Chapter 4. Representation ofactions 167
Chapter 5. Temperature changes inbuildings 169
5.1. General 169
5.2. Determination oftemperatures 169
5.3. Determination oftemperature profiles 170
Chapter 6. Annex Ato ThermalActions Part oftheManual 175
Chapter 7. Annex B to ThermalActions Part of theManual 177
TemperatureProfiles in Buildings and other Construction Works
covered inAnnex D ofEN1991-1-5 177
References 178
PART 6:EN 1991-1-6 179
Chapter 1. General 181
1.1. Scope 181
1.2. Normative references 182
1.3. Assumptions 182
1.4. Distinctionbetween Principles and Application Rules 183
1.5. Terms and definitions 183
1.6. Symbols 183
Introductory advice for using this EN1991-1-6 forthe design
ofbuildings 183
x
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