Designand feasibility of a portable body alarm system device for scoliosis rehabilitation among ...

119 Pages·2017·6.34 MB·English

by  Ekow Dennis

Designand feasibility of a portable body alarm system device for scoliosis
rehabilitation among various human subjects
THESIS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
(BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING)

BY
ARCHIBALD EKOW DENNIS DANQUAH AMOAH

Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering
Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Sam HigginbottomUniversity of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences
Allahabad – 211 007, U.P., India

14PHBT103
1
2
3
4
SELF ATTESTATION

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled“Design and feasibility of a portable body alarm
system device for scoliosis rehabilitation among various human subjects” is the record
work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Amit Alexander Charan,
Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam HigginbottomUniversity of Agriculture,
Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, U.P., India. The contents of this thesis have not been
submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place: Allahabad
Date:
Archibald Ekow Dennis DanquahAmoah
(14PHBT103)

5
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE No.
List of tables i-v
List of figures vi-vii
List of abbreviations viii-ix
Acknowledgements x-xi
Abstract xii
1. Introduction 1 – 6
1.1 Classification of spine curvature 1
1.2 Classification of scoliosis 3
1.3 Types of devices for scoliosis rehabilitation 4
1.4 Effect of the device on other types of scoliosis 4
1.5 Working of the prototype designed device 4
1.6 Problem statement and justification 5
1.7 Research question of the study 5
1.2 Objectives 6
2. Review of Literature 7 – 26
2.1 Gene abnormalities for AIS 7
The role of heritable genes in the occurrence and
2.2 9
development of AIS
2.3 Degree of the curvature for scoliosis detection 10
2.3.1 Effect of mild scoliosis (less than 20 degrees) 10
2.3.2 Effect of moderate scoliosis (between 25 and 70 degrees) 10
2.3.3 Effect of severe scoliosis (Over 70 degrees) 10
2.3.4 Effect of very severe scoliosis (Over 100 degrees) 10
2.4 Calculation of the curve of spine 11
2.4.1 Risser-Fergusan method 12
2.5 Chromosome region for AIS and IS 12
2.6 X-linked inheritance of AIS or IS 15
2.7 Polymorphism gene in AIS 16
2.8 Types of belts used for spinal cord rehabilitation 18
Electronic buzzer for attaching to the curvature correction
2.9 20
devices
6
2.10 Devices for scoliosis correction 23
3. Materials and Methods 27 – 39
3.1 Materials 27
3.1.1 Components for biocompatible leather belts 27
3.1.2 Angle detecting flexor sensor 27
3.1.3 Mechanical specifications 28
3. 1. 4 Electrical specifications 28
3.1.5 Description of 8-bit microcontroller 29
3.1.6 Power 30
3.1.7 Memory 31
3.1.8 Input and output 31
3.1.9 Communication 32
3.1.10 Programming 32
3.1.11 Physical characteristics 33
3.1.12 Software 34
Methodology and the procedure for operating the
3.2 35
biofeedback device
Block diagram of the device sowing various components
3.2.1 35
attached
3.2.2 Flowchart for operation concept of the device 36
3.2.3 Circuit diagram of the device 36
3.3 Statistical tools 37
3.3.1 Hypothesis of the study 38
3.3.2 Data analysis in relation to the device 38
3.3.3 Statistical analysis of samples using z-test distributions 38
4. Results and Discussions 40 – 82
The number of male subjects between the ages of 18 – 25
4.1 years at the fitness gym who showed positive or negative 40
response to the buzzer alert device
The number of male subjects between the ages of 60 – 75
4.2 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 43
device
4.3 The number of female subjects between the ages of 60 – 75 45
7
years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert
device
The number of male athletes between the ages of 18 – 25
4.4 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 46
device
The number of female athletes between the ages of 18 – 25
4.5 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 49
device
The number of subjects between the ages of 18 – 50 years
4.6 that are motorbike riders who showed positive or negative 51
to the buzzer alert
The number of subjects between the ages of 18 – 60 years
that are active office workers who seat down a lot during
4.7 53
working hours who showed positive or negative to the
buzzer alert device
4.8 Statistical analysis of samples using z - test distributions 55
The number of male subjects between the ages of 18 – 25
4.8.1 years at the fitness gym who showed positive or negative 55
response to the buzzer alert device
The number of male subjects between the ages of 60 – 75
4.8.2 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 57
device
The number of female subjects between the ages of 60 – 75
4.8.3 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 59
device
The number of male athletes between the ages of 18 – 25
4.8.4 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 61
device
The number of female athletes between the ages of 18 – 25
4.8.5 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 63
device
The number of subjects between the ages of 18 – 50 years
4.8.6 that are motorbike riders who showed positive or negative 65
to the buzzer alert
The number of subjects between the ages of 18 – 60 years
4.8.7 that are active office workers who seat down a lot during 67
working hours who showed positive or negative to the
8
buzzer alert device
Statistical differences between entire responds and
4.8.8 69
categories
Statistical data for human subjects for all ages i.e. from 18
4.8.9 73
– 75 years who serves as CONTROL
4.9 Schematic diagram of the complete device 74
Quantification of the output of the device using
4.10 74
oscilloscope
Validation of the prototype device using the X-rays of the
4.11 75
human subjects
Discussion 79 – 82
Summary and Conclusion 83 – 85
Conclusion 85 – 86

Future prospects 86
References 87 – 91
Appendix 92 – 97

9
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Particulars Page No.
Chromosomal regional locations and their gene types for AIS and
2.1 8-9
IS disorders
2.2 Full names of the various genes associated with AIS disorder 9-10
Number of occurrences of chromosome types in the scoliosis
2.3 14-15
disorder considering Table 3.1
Comparing the p-arm (short) and the q-arm (long) of the
2.4 chromosomes to determine which arm is more susceptible to 17-18
scoliosis disorders considering the date from Table 3.1
Number of male subjects between the ages of 18 – 25 years at the
4.1 fitness gym who showed positive or negative response to the 40 - 42
buzzer alert device
Cumulative percentage of male subjects between the ages of 18 –
4.2 25 years at the fitness gym who showed positive or negative 42
response to the buzzer alert device
Number of male subjects between the ages of 60 – 75 years who
4.3 43
showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert device
Cumulative percentage of number of male subjects between the
4.4 age of 60 – 75 years who showed positive or negative to the 44
buzzer alert device
Number of female subjects between the age of 60 – 75 years who
4.5 45
showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert device
Cumulative percentage of number of female subjects between the
4.6 ages of 60 – 75 years who showed positive or negative to the 46
buzzer alert device
Number of male athletes between the ages of 18 – 25 years who
4.7 47 – 48
showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert device
Cumulative percentage of male athletes between the ages of 18 –
4.8 25 years who showed positive or negative to the buzzer alert 48
device
4.9 Number of female athletes between the ages of 18 – 25 years who 49 – 50
10