Table Of ContentSeries Editors
W Hansmann
W. Purgathofer
F. Sillion
D. J. Duke
A. Puerta (eds.)
Design, Specification
and Verification
of Interactive Systems '99
Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop
in Braga, Portugal,
June 2--4, 1999
Eurographics
SpringerWienN ewYork
Dr. David Duke
Department of Computer Science,
University of York, York, u.K.
Dr. Angel Puerta
Red Whale Software,
Palo Alto, U.S.A.
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically
those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by
photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1999 Springer-VerlaglWien
Typesetting: Camera-ready by authors
Graphic design: Ecke Bonk
Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper
SPIN: 10734677
With 89 Figures
ISSN 0946-2767
ISBN-13:978-3-211-83405-3 e-ISBN-13:978-3-7091-6815-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6815-8
Preface
This book is the formal proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Design, Specifi
cation and Verification ofInteractive Systems, DSV-IS'99, which was held at the Uni
versity of Minho, Braga, Portugal from June 2 to June 4, 1999. The previous events of
this series were held at Pisa, Toulouse, Namur, Granada, and Abingdon; the theme this
year was "Engaging the Mind by Enriching the Senses", emphasising the importance
of the interface in making interaction both effective and enjoyable.
Presentations and discussions covered topics that included specification methods and
their use in design, model-based tool support, task and dialogue models, distributed col
laboration, and models for VR input. As in previous years, there was a strong emphasis
on formal representations and modelling techniques, and their use in understanding in
teraction and informing the design of artefacts. However, the aim of the workshop is to
encourage an exchange of views within a broad community, and other approaches, in
particular tool support for model-based design, were also represented.
This book includes the papers of the two invited speakers (one as an abstract only),
the fourteen full papers accepted for publication, two shorter position papers, and the
reports from the working group discussions. The format of the workshop aimed to mix
formal paper presentations with informal discussion sessions, with the two invited talks
setting the tone for the meeting.
Mandayam Srinivasan launched the technical programme with a talk entitled ''Haptic
Interactions in the Real and Virtual Worlds". Just as visual and audio rendering build on
our understanding of how the human visual and auditory systems operate, so too effec
tive haptic rendering requires knowledge of the equivalent human haptic capabilities.
After an overview of human haptics, covering biomechanical, neurophysiological, and
pyschophysical mechanisms, Prof. Srinivasan gave a tour through the history of hap
tic feedback devices, leading up to the ongoing work at MIT. The talk concluded with
an overview of the challenges currently being addressed in haptic research, in particu
lar extending the "working space" in which a device can operate, and the potential to
incorporate kinesthetic sensation through millimeter-scale devices.
The second invited talk, by Dr. Mike Hollier ofBT Labs, UK concerned interaction on a
much larger scale. Entitled ''Matching Technology to People for Telepresence", the talk
began on a light note by re-examining some of the visions of telecommunications from
the 1960's. For example, while the idea of "faxing" a document using photographic
plates placed over a television receiver may seem comic today, many of the ideas en
visioned in the '60s have been developed, albeit utilising different technologies. More
recent ideas such as "teleconferencing" have also continued to evolve, with for exam
ple animated avatars providing a socially more controlled alternative to real-time video
links. The talk concluded with an outline of the visions for tomorrow, in particular a
new level of "transparency" in interfaces, and Dr. Hollier explained why achieving this
requires not just better technology, but a much better understanding of how people can
interact with that technology.
Papers were presented in six sessions, organised as follows:
VI
- Novel Interfaces
- Specification Techniques
- Architectures and CAD
- Distributed Cooperation
- Using Specifications in Design
- Tasks and Dialogue
A further four sessions were used for infonnal discussion within working groups, and
for the outcome of the discussions to be presented in the closing plenary session.
We would like to thank the following organisations for sponsoring the event: Eurograph
ics, FCT (Funda~ao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia), CPCIS (Companhia Portuguesa de
Computadores Infonnatica e Sistemas, Lda), and Ordem Dos Engenheiros. We would
like to express our sincere thanks to Jose Campos (York), and to Mario Martins, his col
leagues, and students from the Department of Infonnatics at the University of Minho,
for the excellent local organisation.
The programme chairs
David Duke and Angel Puerta
Contents
Invited Talks
Haptic Interactions in the Real and Virtual Worlds 1
M. Srinivasan
Matching Technology to People for Telepresence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
M. Hollier
Papers Presented
An Analysis and a Model of 3D Interaction Methods and Devices for
Virtual Reality ................................................... 18
C. A. Wuthrich
Towards Hybrid Interface Specification for Virtual Environments. . . . . . . . 30
M. Massink, D. Duke and S. Smith
Contrasting Models for Visualization (Seeing the Wood through the Trees) 52
C. Roast and 1. Siddiqi
Towards User Interfaces for Rapid Prototyping from Algebraic Specifica-
tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
M. Cabrera, 1. C. Torres and M. Gea
Computer-Aided Design of Menu Bar and Pull-Down Menus for Business
Oriented Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
1. Vanderdonckt
Presentation Models by Example 100
p. Castells and P. Szekely
Refinement ofthe PAC Model for the Component-based Design and Speci-
fication of Television-based Interfaces ............................... 117
P. Markopoulos, P. Shrubsole and 1. de Vet
Flexibly Mapping Synchronous Groupware Architectures to Distributed
Implementations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
T. Urnes and T. C. N. Graham
Using TRIO Specifications to Generate Test Cases for an Interactive System 148
B. d'Ausbourg and 1. Cazin
Using Automated Reasoning in the Design of an Audio-Visual Communi-
cation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
1. C. Campos and M. D. Harrison
Analysing User Deviations in Interactive Safety-Critical Applications. . . . 189
F Paterno, C. Santoro and B. Fields
VIII
Dialogue Validation from Task Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
F Jambon, P Girard and Y Boisdron
Task and Object-Oriented Development of Interactive Systems - How
Many Models are Necessary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
P Forbrig
Usability Properties in Dialog Models ............................... 238
M. van Welie, G. C. van der Veer and A. Elii!ns
Position Papers
Cross-Contextual Reference in Human-Computer Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . 254
J. Rowson, P Johnson and G. White
Modelisation of Co-operative Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
M. Gea, F L. Gutierrez, J. C. Torres, N. Padilla and M. Cabrera
Working Group Discussions
Discussion Topics for the DSV-IS'99 Working Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
D. J. Duke
Working Group 1 Report 270
S. P Smith
Working Group 2 Report 276
G. White
Working Group 3 Report 278
D. A. Duce
Organising Committee
J. Campos (local organisation), The University of York, UK
D.J. Duke (co-chair), The University of York, UK
F.M. Martins (local organisation), University of Minho, Portugal
A. Puerta (co-chair), Stanford University, USA
Programme Committee
M. Apperley, Waikato, New Zealand
R. Bastide, LIS-University of Toulouse-I, France
M. Bordegoni, University of Parma, Italy
J. Coutaz, CLIPS-HCI, Grenoble, France
U. Cugini, University of Parma, Italy
A. Dix, University of Staffordshire, UK
D. Duce, RAL, UK
G. Faconti, CNUCE-CNR, Italy
P. Gray, University of Glasgow, UK
M. Green, University of Alberta, Canada
M. Harrison, University of York, UK
R. Jacob, Tufts University, USA
C. Johnson, University of Glasgow, UK
P. Johnson, Queen Mary and Westfield, UK
P. Markopoulos, Philips Research, NL
D. Olsen, Carnegie Mellon, USA
P. Palanque, LIS-University of Toulouse, France
F. Paterno, CNUCE-CNR, Italy
G. Reynolds, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
S. Schreiber, Siemens, Munich, Germany
C. Stephanidis, ICS-Forth, Greece
P. Szekely, University of Southern California, USA
lC. Torres, University of Granada, Spain
J. Vanderdonckt, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
M. Wilson, RAL, UK
S. Wilson, City University, UK
Haptic Interactions in the Real and Virtual Worlds
M A Srinivasan, C Basdogan, and C-H Ho
Laboratory for Human and Machine Haptics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
email: [email protected]
Abstract
In humans or machines, haptics refers to the use of hands for manual sensing and
manipulation. Recently, haptic machines that enable the user to touch, feel, and
manipulate virtual environments have generated considerable excitement.
Synthesizing virtual haptic objects requires an optimal balance between the human
haptic ability to sense object properties, computational complexity to render them in
real time, and fidelity of the device in delivering the computed mechanical signals. In
this paper, we primarily describe the progress made in our "MIT Touch Lab" over the
past few years concerning the development of haptic machines, the paradigms and
algorithms used in the emerging field of "Computer Haptics" (analogous to Computer
Graphics), and experimental results on human perception and performance in
multimodal virtual environments. Several ongoing applications such as the
development of a surgical simulator and virtual environments shared by multiple users
are also described.
1. Introduction
Virtual environments (VEs), generally referred to as virtual reality in the popular
press, have caught the imagination of lay public as well as researchers working in a
wide variety of disciplines. VEs are computer-generated synthetic environments with
which a human user can interact to perform perceptual and motor tasks. A typical VE
system consists of a helmet that can project computer-generated visual images and
sounds appropriate to the gaze direction, and special gloves with which one can
command a computer through hand gestures. The possibility that by wearing such
devices, one could be mentally transported to and immersed in virtual worlds built
solely through software is both fascinating and powerful. Applications of this
technology include a large variety of human activities such as training, education,
entertainment, health care, scientific visualization, telecommunication, design,
manufacturing and marketing.
Virtual environment systems that engage only the visual and auditory senses of the
user are limited in their capability to interact with the user. As in our interactions with
the real world, it is desirable to engage the haptic sensorimotor system that not only
D. Duke et al. (eds.), Design, Specification and Verification of Interactive Systems ’99
© Springer-Verlag/Wien 1999
