Design Optimization of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy Systems

120 Pages·2010·1.82 MB·English

FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO
Design Optimization of Stand-Alone
Hybrid Energy Systems
Francisco Gonçalves Goiana Mesquita
ADissertationsubmittedunderthescopeof
MestradoIntegradoemEngenhariaElectrotécnicaedeComputadores
MajorEnergia
Supervisor: ProfessorDoutorCláudioDomingosMartinsMonteiro
Fevereirode2010

©FranciscoGonçalvesGoianaMesquita,2010
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide do not have access to electricity for the most basic goods of
survival. Millionsofpeopledonothaveaccesstoculture–thepleasureofreadingabookbecause
theydonothavetheluxuryofilluminationduringthenight.
One of the many ways to extinguish this unevenness between the developed and underdevel-
oped world starts from using renewable resources as a source of energy. Independently of the
world´s site where we stand, these sources are abundantly, free and inexhaustible. The problem
inhabits in the way as this renewable resources are managed in function of a certain associated
loaddemand.
Hybridenergysystems,namelythestand-aloneorisolatesones,showanenormousweightin
thepathforadoptingwaysofgivingaccesstoenergyinthemostremoteplacesofourplanet. To
conjugate,inanoptimizedway,thedifferentformsofenergy–wind,waterandsun–isthecourse
wehavetoadoptandimplementsothatmotivatedinvestorscanapplytheirmonetaryresourcesin
underdevelopedcountriessuchasAfricancountries.
Thiswasthecontextonwhichthisthesiswasbased,aimedtodevelopcapabletoolstooptimize
the design of stand-alone hybrid systems, concretely applied to any type of resource data and
loadinformation. However,thecomplexityofthisproblemisofanextremelyhighmathematical
degree. Unlike the algorithms already developed, the objective was to develop a tool that could
optimize continuous variables, in this case, the wind, hydro and solar resources, as well as the
batteriesandthedieselgeneratorthatconstituteagenerichybridsystem.
An innovator and powerful optimization tool was then developed – GraSO (Gradient Swarm
OptimizationAlgorithm)–capableofefficientlyanswertothiskindofproblems. Thissoftwareis
skilledatthepointthatitcanoptimizedbothoperation(loadfollowingandcyclechargingdispatch
strategies)anddesignofthehybridsystem.
This algorithm was tested in several standard evaluation functions and presented satisfactory
results. Hence,hisapplicationinotherkindofproblemsispossibleandadvised.
With the developed algorithm core, GraSO was then applied to the system model created in
an Excel spreadsheet proving his reliability to optimize the design of stand-alone hybrid energy
systems.
keywords:
Design, GraSO, Hybrid Energy Systems, Metaheuristics, Operation, Optimization Algo-
rithms,Stand-Alone
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Acknowledgments
TomyParents
TomyBrother
TomyFriends
ToYou,Ana.
ThanksBoss! Seeyouaround!
FranciscoMesquita
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“Weinventtopersuadeourselvesthateventsareknowableandthatlifehasorderanddirection”
Calvin&Hobbes
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 ThesisStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 DataandInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 HybridEnergySystems-Principles 5
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Technologyused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 RenewableEnergyGenerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.2 FossilFuelGenerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.3 EnergyStorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.4 PowerConverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.5 SupervisoryController . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 EnergyLoads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 RenewableEnergyResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.1 Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.2 SolarRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.3 Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 Economics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 HybridEnergySystems-DesignConsiderations 15
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 BriefReviewonDesignTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.1 HOMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.3.2 HYBRID2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.3 HOGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 SystemModeling 27
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 WindTurbineModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2.1 InvestmentCosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 PhotovoltaicPerformanceModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.1 InvestmentCosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
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