Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, Steelwork, Masonry and Timber Designs to British Standards and Eurocodes, 3rd Edition

523 Pages·2009·8.64 MB·English

by  Chanakya Arya

Design of Structural Elements
Third Edition
Concrete, steelwork, masonry and timber designs to
British Standards and Eurocodes

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Design of
Structural
Elements
Third Edition
Concrete, steelwork, masonry and
timber designs to British Standards
and Eurocodes
Chanakya Arya

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First published 1994 by E & FN Spon
Second edition published 2003 by Spon Press
This edition published 2009
by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© 1994, 2003, 2009 Chanakya Arya
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard
to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any
legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Arya, Chanakya.
Design of structural elements : concrete, steelwork, masonry, and timber designs
to British standards and Eurocodes / Chanakya Arya. – 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Structural design – Standards – Great Britain. 2. Structural design – Standards –
Europe. I. Title. II. Title: Concrete, steelwork, masonry, and timber design
to British standards and Eurocodes.
TA658.A79 2009
624.1′7–dc22

2008043080
ISBN 0-203-92650-1 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10: 0-415-46719-5 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-415-46720-9 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-92650-1 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-46719-3 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-46720-9 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-92650-5 (ebk)
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Contents
Preface to the third edition vii 3.13 Design of short braced columns 128
Preface to the second edition ix 3.14 Summary 143
Preface to the first edition xi Questions 143
Acknowledgements xiii
List of worked examples xv 4 Design in structural steelwork
to BS 5950 145
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO 4.1 Introduction 145
STRUCTURAL DESIGN 4.2 Iron and steel 145
1 Philosophy of design 3 4.3 Structural steel and steel
1.1 Introduction 3 sections 146
1.2 Basis of design 4 4.4 Symbols 148
1.3 Summary 8 4.5 General principles and design
Questions 8 methods 149
4.6 Loading 150
2 Basic structural concepts and 4.7 Design strengths 151
material properties 9 4.8 Design of steel beams and joists 151
2.1 Introduction 9 4.9 Design of compression members 177
2.2 Design loads acting on structures 9 4.10 Floor systems for steel framed
2.3 Design loads acting on elements 13 structures 199
2.4 Structural analysis 17 4.11 Design of connections 218
2.5 Beam design 24 4.12 Summary 236
2.6 Column design 26 Questions 237
2.7 Summary 27
Questions 28 5 Design in unreinforced masonry

to BS 5628 239
PART TWO: STRUCTURAL DESIGN TO 5.1 Introduction 239
BRITISH STANDARDS 5.2 Materials 240
3 Design in reinforced concrete 5.3 Masonry design 245
to BS 8110 31 5.4 Symbols 245
3.1 Introduction 31 5.5 Design of vertically loaded masonry
3.2 Objectives and scope 31 walls 246
3.3 Symbols 32 5.6 Design of laterally loaded wall
3.4 Basis of design 33 panels 263
3.5 Material properties 33 5.7 Summary 276
3.6 Loading 35 Questions 277
3.7 Stress–strain curves 36
3.8 Durability and fire resistance 37 6 Design in timber to BS 5268 279
3.9 Beams 44 6.1 Introduction 279
3.10 Slabs 93 6.2 Stress grading 280
3.11 Foundations 115 6.3 Grade stress and strength class 280
3.12 Retaining walls 121 6.4 Permissible stresses 282
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Contents
6.5 Timber design 285 9.8 Actions 378
6.6 Symbols 285 9.9 Materials 378
6.7 Flexural members 287 9.10 Classification of cross-sections 380
6.8 Design of compression members 298 9.11 Design of beams 380
6.9 Design of stud walls 303 9.12 Design of columns 403
6.10 Summary 305 9.13 Connections 418
Questions 306
10 Eurocode 6: Design of
PART THREE: STRUCTURAL DESIGN masonry structures 434
TO THE EUROCODES 10.1 Introduction 434
7 The structural Eurocodes: 10.2 Layout 434
An introduction 309 10.3 Principles/Application rules 435
7.1 Scope 309 10.4 Nationally Determined
7.2 Benefits of Eurocodes 309 Parameters 435
7.3 Production of Eurocodes 310 10.5 Symbols 435
7.4 Format 310 10.6 Basis of design 436
7.5 Problems associated with drafting 10.7 Actions 436
the Eurocodes 310 10.8 Design compressive strength 437
7.6 Decimal point 312 10.9 Durability 441
7.7 Implementation 312 10.10 Design of unreinforced masonry
7.8 Maintenance 312 walls subjected to vertical
7.9 Difference between national loading 441
standards and Eurocodes 312 10.11 Design of laterally loaded wall
panels 455
8 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures 314 11 Eurocode 5: Design of
8.1 Introduction 314 timber structures 458
8.2 Structure of EC 2 315 11.1 Introduction 458
8.3 Symbols 315 11.2 Layout 458
8.4 Material properties 316 11.3 Principles/Application rules 459
8.5 Actions 317 11.4 Nationally Determined
8.6 Stress–strain diagrams 323 Parameters 459
8.7 Cover, fire, durability and bond 324 11.5 Symbols 459
8.8 Design of singly and doubly 11.6 Basis of design 460
reinforced rectangular beams 327 11.7 Design of flexural members 464
8.9 Design of one-way solid slabs 350 11.8 Design of columns 477
8.10 Design of pad foundations 357

8.11 Design of columns 361 Appendix A Permissible stress and load
factor design 481
9 Eurocode 3: Design of steel Appendix B Dimensions and properties
structures 375 of steel universal beams and
9.1 Introduction 375 columns 485
9.2 Structure of EC 3 376 Appendix C Buckling resistance of
9.3 Principles and Application rules 376 unstiffened webs 489
9.4 Nationally Determined Appendix D Second moment of area of a
Parameters 376 composite beam 491
9.5 Symbols 377 Appendix E References and further
9.6 Member axes 377 reading 493
9.7 Basis of design 377 Index 497
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Preface to the
third edition
Since publication of the second edition of Design made to the 1997 edition of BS 8110: Part 1 on
of Structural Elements there have been two major concrete design, and new editions of BS 5628:
developments in the field of structural engineering Parts 1 and 3 on masonry design have recently
which have suggested this new edition. been published. These and other national stand-
The first and foremost of these is that the ards, e.g. BS 5950 for steel design and BS 5268
Eurocodes for concrete, steel, masonry and timber for timber design, are still widely used in the UK
design have now been converted to full EuroNorm and beyond. This situation is likely to persist for
(EN) status and, with the possible exception of the some years, and therefore the decision was taken
steel code, all the associated UK National Annexes to retain the chapters on British Standards and
have also been finalised and published. Therefore, where necessary update the material to reflectlatest
these codes can now be used for structural design, design recommendations. This principally affects
although guidance on the timing and circumstances the material in Chapters 3 and 5 on concrete and
under which they must be used is still awaited. masonry design.
Thus, the content of Chapters 8 to 11 on, respec- The chapters on Eurocodes are not self-contained
tively, the design of concrete, steel, masonry and but include reference to relevant chapters onBritish
timber structures has been completely revised to Standards. This should not present any problems
comply with the EN versions of the Eurocodes for to readers familiar with British Standards, but will
these materials. The opportunity has been used to mean that readers new to this subject will have to
expand Chapter 10 and include several worked refer to two chapters from time to time to get the
examples on the design of masonry walls subject to most from this book. This is not ideal, but should
either vertical or lateral loading or a combination result in the reader becoming familiar with both
of both. British and European practices, which is probably
The second major development is that a number necessary during the transition phase from British
of small but significant amendments have been Standards to Eurocodes.

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Preface to the
second edition
The main motivation for preparing this new to full EN status is still ongoing. Until such time
edition was to update the text in Chapters 4 and 6 that these documents are approved the design rules
on steel and timber design to conform with the in pre-standard form, designated by ENV, remain
latest editions of respectively BS 5950: Part 1 and valid. The material in Chapters 8, 9 and 11 to
BS 5268: Part 2. The opportunity has also been the ENV versions of EC2, EC3 and EC5 are still
taken to add new material to Chapters 3 and 4. current. The first part of Eurocode 6 on masonry
Thus, Chapter 3 on concrete design now includes design was published in pre-standard form in
a new section and several new worked examples on 1996, some three years after publication of the first
the analysis and design of continuous beams and edition of this book. The material in Chapter 10
slabs. Examples illustrating the analysis and design has therefore been revised, so it now conforms to
of two-way spanning slabs and columns subject the guidance given in the ENV.
to axial load and bending have also been added. I would like to thank the following who have
The section on concrete slabs has been updated. A assisted with the preparation of this new edition:Pro-
discussion on flooring systems for steel framed fessor Colin Baley for preparing Appendix C; Fred
structures is featured in Chapter 4 together with a Lambert, Tony Threlfall, Charles Goodchild and
section and several worked examples on composite Peter Watt for reviewing parts of the manuscript.
floor design.
Work on converting Parts 1.1 of the Eurocodes
for concrete, steel, timber and masonry structures

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