Table Of ContentDesign of Steel-Concrete
Composite Bridges
to Eurocodes
analysis methods, required veriications, and other issues that are included in the codes.
the required veriications for sections and members at ultimate and serviceability limit states,
categories, and fatigue veriications for structural steel, reinforcement, concrete, and shear
Ioannis Vayas and Aristidis Iliopoulos
Design of Steel-Concrete
Composite Bridges
to Eurocodes
Design of Steel-Concrete
Composite Bridges
to Eurocodes
Ioannis Vayas and Aristidis Iliopoulos
A SPON PRESS BOOK
CRC Press
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Version Date: 20130809
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To my father Dinos
Ioannis Vayas
To my mother Maria
Aristidis Iliopoulos
Contents
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Authors xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 List of symbols 2
2 Types of steel–concrete composite bridges 13
2.1 General 13
2.2 Composite bridges: The concept 14
2.3 Highway bridges 16
2.3.1 Plate-girder bridges with in situ concrete deck slab 16
2.3.2 Plate-girder bridges with semiprecast concrete deck slab 18
2.3.3 Plate-girder bridges with fully precast concrete deck slab 22
2.3.4 Plate-girder bridges with composite slab
deck with proile steel sheeting 23
2.3.5 Plate-girder bridges with partially prefabricated composite beams 26
2.3.6 Double-girder bridges 27
2.3.6.1 Ladder deck bridges 29
2.3.7 Bridges with closed box girders 31
2.3.8 Open-box bridges 34
2.3.9 Arch bridges 40
2.3.10 Cable-stayed bridges 43
2.3.11 Suspension bridges 46
2.4 Railway bridges 47
2.4.1 General 47
2.4.2 Half-through bridges 48
2.4.3 Plate-girder bridges 49
2.4.4 Box-girder bridges 50
2.4.5 Filler-beam bridges 51
2.4.6 Pipe-girder bridges 51
vii
viii Contents
2.4.7 Arch bridges 51
2.4.8 Lattice girder bridges 52
2.5 Construction forms 52
2.5.1 General 52
2.5.2 Simply supported bridges 53
2.5.3 Continuous bridges 53
2.5.4 Frame bridges 54
2.5.5 Integral and semi-integral bridges 55
2.6 Erection methods 57
2.6.1 General 57
2.6.2 Lifting by cranes 57
2.6.3 Launching 57
2.6.4 Shifting 59
2.6.5 Hoisting 59
2.6.6 Segmental construction 59
2.7 Concreting sequence 59
2.8 Execution 61
2.9 Innovation in composite bridge engineering 62
References 63
3 Design codes 67
3.1 Eurocodes 67
3.1.1 General 67
3.1.2 EN 1990: Basis of structural design 69
3.1.3 EN 1991: Actions on structures 70
3.1.4 EN 1998: Design of structures for earthquake resistance 70
3.1.5 EN 1994: Design of composite steel and concrete structures 70
3.1.6 EN 1993: Design of steel structures 70
3.1.7 EN 1992: Design of concrete structures 71
3.2 National annexes 71
References 71
4 Actions 73
4.1 Classiication of actions 73
4.1.1 Permanent actions 73
4.1.2 Variable actions 73
4.1.3 Accidental actions 73
4.1.4 Seismic actions 74
4.1.5 Speciic permanent actions and effects in composite bridges 74
4.1.6 Creep and shrinkage 75
4.1.7 Actions during construction 75
4.2 Trafic loads on road bridges 75
4.2.1 Division of the carriageway into notional lanes 75
4.2.2 Vertical loads on the carriageway 76
4.2.2.1 Load model 1 (LM1) 76
4.2.2.2 Load model 2 (LM2) 78
Contents ix
4.2.2.3 Load model 3 (LM3) 79
4.2.2.4 Load model 4 (LM4) 79
4.2.3 Vertical loads on footways and cycle tracks 80
4.2.4 Horizontal forces 80
4.2.4.1 Braking and acceleration forces 80
4.2.4.2 Centrifugal forces 81
4.2.5 Groups of trafic loads on road bridges 83
4.3 Actions for accidental design situations 83
4.3.1 Collision forces from vehicles moving under the bridge 83
4.3.1.1 Collision of vehicles with the sofit of the
bridge, for example, when tracks are higher
than the clear height of the bridge 83
4.3.1.2 Collision of vehicles on piers 83
4.3.2 Actions from vehicles moving on the bridge 83
4.3.2.1 Vehicles on footways or cycle tracks up
to the position of the safety barriers 83
4.3.2.2 Collision forces on kerbs 85
4.3.2.3 Collision forces on safety barriers 86
4.3.2.4 Collision forces on unprotected structural members 87
4.4 Actions on pedestrian parapets and railings 87
4.5 Load models for abutments and walls in contact with earth 88
4.5.1 Vertical loads 88
4.5.2 Horizontal loads 88
4.6 Trafic loads on railway bridges 89
4.6.1 General 89
4.6.2 Vertical loads 89
4.6.2.1 Load model 71 89
4.6.2.2 Load models SW/0 and SW/2 90
4.6.2.3 Load model “unloaded train” 91
4.6.2.4 Eccentricity of vertical loads (load models 71 and SW/0) 91
4.6.2.5 Longitudinal distribution of concentrated loads
by the rail and longitudinal and transverse
distribution by the sleepers and ballast 91
4.6.2.6 Transverse distribution of actions
by the sleepers and ballast 91
4.6.3 Dynamic effects (including resonance) 92
4.6.4 Horizontal forces 95
4.6.4.1 Centrifugal forces 95
4.6.4.2 Nosing force 99
4.6.4.3 Actions due to traction or braking 100
4.6.5 Consideration of the structural interaction
between track and superstructure 100
4.6.6 Other actions and design situations 102
4.6.7 Groups of loads 102
4.7 Temperature 103
4.7.1 General 103
