Design of Internet of Things

147 Pages·2022·16.664 MB·English

by  Gunneswara VSSS Kalaga Rao

Design of Internet
of Things
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the design aspects of the
Internet of Things devices and covers the fundamentals of Big Data and
Embedded Programming. Various changing technologies, like sensors,
RFID, etc., that are promoting IoT solutions are discussed. The core tech-
nologies like GSM Communication, Machine to Machine (M2M) Interfaces
that are supposed to be the foundations for IoT are explained to prepare the
designer. Definitions of IoT, different architectures of IoT, possible models
of IOT, along with different market needs and Industry requirements are
detailed, so that designers can finalize their choices that enable them to
prepare PERT like basics. IEEE Standards useful to IoT design and a few
Network Protocol Stacks are explored in detail that will give confidence
to any designer. Embedded Operating Systems (FreeRTOS and Contiki)
and various Middleware frameworks useful to IoT are discussed. While
detailing IoT functional aspects layer wise, the required Memory structures
like Ring Buffer Mechanisms are explained, that support designers with IoT
Memory management, optimization of software (or code) aspects. Basic
code structures and functions required for each layer (e.g. Adaptation Layer,
IP, TCP, etc.) are detailed along with required flow diagrams. This will serve
as an ideal design book for professionals and senior undergraduate and
graduate students in the fields including electrical engineering, electronics
and communication engineering, and computer engineering.
This book covers:
• Big Data Aspects that are fundamental drivers to IoT
• Embedded Programming Techniques that are heart for IoT
• Changing Technologies that are promoting IoT solutions
• Machine to Machine Interfaces, the first avatar of IoT
• GSM Communication Aspects and Standards for IoT
• Architecture and different models of IoT
• Conceptual implementation of IoT
• IEEE standards useful to IoT
• Required Embedded Operating Systems suitable for IoT
• Various Middleware Frameworks, for IoT
• Network Protocol Stacks for IoT
• Memory Management aspects of IoT
• Basic functional calls required for each layer of IoT
• Protocol layer wise design concepts useful to IoT (flow diagrams)
• Security concepts for IoT
This book focuses on practical design aspects such as how to finalize a
processor (CPU), integrated circuit, and other software and hardware cir-
cuit kits available in the market, which operating system to use, etc., in a
single volume. This book will be ideal for professionals and graduates from
diverse engineering domains including electrical engineering, electronics and
communication engineering, and computer engineering, who are perusing
IoT Technology as their profession.
Design of Internet
of Things
Gunneswara Rao VSSS Kalaga
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487- 2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Gunneswara Rao VSSS Kalaga
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 9781032300498 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032300504 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003303206 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/ 9781003303206
Typeset in Sabon
by Newgen Publishing UK
This work is dedicated to my parents:
Sri Kalaga VSS Sambhu Prasad and Smt Kalaga Sodemma

Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author xv
1 Introduction 1
2 Big Data 5
3 Embedded Programming Techniques 11
4 Changing Technologies 15
4.1 RFID 15
4.2 IC/ Sensor Cost 16
4.3 6LoWPAN 16
4.4 M2M, IoT, and IoE Concepts 17
4.5 IoT— Internet of Things 18
5 M2M 21
5.1 M2M Architecture 24
5.2 Key Technical Requirements of M2M 25
6 Definitions of IoT 29
6.1 Communication Between “Things” 31
7 IoT Architecture 33
7.1 Conceptual Design of IoT 37
vii
viii Contents
8 IoT for Smart City Applications 43
8.1 Indian Government and IoT and Smart City Technology
Prospective 46
8.1.1 Lavasa Dream 47
8.1.2 The Smart Cities in India 48
9 IoT Middleware 51
9.1 Middleware Layer 52
10 The Core Value of IoT Devices and Design Propositions 57
10.1 IoT Application Use Cases 60
10.2 IoT Application Scenarios 61
11 IoT Design Approach 65
11.1 IoT and 6LoWPAN— Frame Design 67
11.2 6LoWPAN Node Roles and Routing 71
11.3 Routing Mechanism 71
12 IoT Design Components 75
12.1 Hardware 75
12.2 Software 77
13 IoT Design Implementation 81
13.1 Using FreeRTOS and Nanostack 82
13.2 Using Contiki OS and Contiki 6LoWPAN Stack 86
14 Design of Layered Architecture 89
14.1 Flow/ Route of the Message 89
14.2 Contiki CCN Layer 91
14.3 6LoWPAN MAC Layer 93
14.4 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer 95
14.5 6LoWPAN Network (IP) Layer 97
14.6 Implementation of uIP Layer (FreeRTOS and
Nanostack) 102
14.7 Implementation of fIP Layer (FreeRTOS and
Nanostack) 105
14.8 6LoWPAN Transport Layer 106
14.9 Network Routing Protocol (NRP) 106
14.10 Contiki Stack of Transport Layer 107
Contents ix
14.10.1 TCP Functions Which May Be Internal to TCP
Process TCP_ Process () 107
14.10.2 UDP Functions Which May Be Internal to UDP
Process UDP_ Process () 108
14.11 6LoWPAN Application Layer 111
14.11.1 Socket Function Calling 114
14.11.2 TCP Socket Calls 115
14.12 6LoWPAN Border Router (LBR) 117
14.13 IoT Design Aspects 119
15 IoT Security 121
15.1 IoT Value Proposition 121
15.2 IoT Utilization Scenarios 122
15.3 IoT Security Touch- Points 124
15.4 IoT Future— Closing Remarks 127
Index 129