Design of Hydraulic Gates

434 Pages·2014·61.071 MB·English

by  Paulo C.F. Erbisti

Design of
Hydraulic Gates
Paulo C.F. Erbisti
2nd Edition
Design of Hydraulic Gates, 2nd Edition
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Design of Hydraulic Gates,
2nd Edition
Paulo C.F. Erbisti
Consulting Engineer
CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2014Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Erbisti,PauloC.F.
Designofhydraulicgates/PauloC.F.Erbisti,consultingengineer.—Secondedition.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-415-65939-0(hardback)
1. Hydraulicgates–Designandconstruction. I.Title.
TC169.E72 2014
627’.882—dc23
2014008511
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN:978-0-415-65939-0(Hbk)
ISBN:978-0-203-39624-7(eBookPDF)
Table of contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historyanddevelopment 1
1.2 Gatecomponents 10
1.3 Mainapplications 11
1.4 Typesandclassifications 12
1.4.1 Purpose 12
1.4.2 Movement 13
1.4.3 Waterpassage 13
1.4.4 Gateleafcomposition 14
1.4.5 Location 14
1.4.6 Skinplateshape 14
2 Typesofgates 17
2.1 Flapgate 17
2.2 Cylindergate 24
2.3 Stoplogs 25
2.4 Slidegate 30
2.5 Caterpillargate 35
2.6 Mitergate 38
2.7 Rollergate 43
2.8 Segmentgate 45
2.9 Sectorgate 63
2.10 Stoneygate 66
2.11 Drumgate 68
2.12 Bear-trapgate 70
2.13 Fixed-wheelgate 71
2.14 Visorgate 82
3 Basisforselectionofgatetype 85
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Mostcommontypes 85
vi Table of contents
3.3 Operationalrequirements 86
3.4 Presentlimitsofgatesizesandheads 88
4 Hydrostatics 103
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Verticalliftgates 103
4.2.1 Weirgates 103
4.2.2 Submergedgates 105
4.2.3 Spacingofhorizontalbeams 107
4.3 Radialgates 110
5 Structuraldesign 117
5.1 Loadcases 117
5.2 Allowablestresses 119
5.3 Skinplate 121
5.3.1 Thickness 121
5.3.2 Platestresses 121
5.3.3 Effectivewidth 125
5.4 Horizontalbeams 126
5.4.1 Numberofbeams 126
5.4.2 Girderdimensions 127
5.4.2.1 Webthickness 127
5.4.2.2 Webdepth 128
5.4.2.3 Flanges 128
5.4.3 Elasticstability 129
5.4.3.1 Compressionflanges 129
5.4.3.2 Webstability 130
5.4.3.3 Stiffeners 136
5.4.4 Simplebendingofbeams 136
5.5 Segmentgate 139
5.5.1 Skinplate 139
5.5.2 Gateframing 140
5.5.2.1 Girderarrangement 140
5.5.2.2 Horizontalbeams 140
5.5.2.3 Verticalbeams 141
5.5.3 Radialarms 149
5.5.3.1 Axialloadsonthearms 149
5.5.3.2 Bearingloads 150
5.5.3.3 Bucklingcheck 152
5.6 Siltpressureongates 155
5.7 Gateseismicloads 156
6 Embeddedparts,guidesandsupports 159
6.1 Slotsandniches 159
6.2 Wheeltrack 161
6.2.1 Beamonanelasticfoundation 161
6.2.2 DimensioningbytheAndree-Fricketheory 165
Table of contents vii
6.3 Slidetracks 170
6.4 Concretebearingpressure 174
6.5 Lateralguidance 175
6.6 Wheelsandpins 177
6.6.1 Designfeatures 177
6.6.2 Contactpressurebetweenwheelandtrack 180
6.6.3 Permissiblecontactstresses 186
6.6.4 Surfacehardness 188
6.7 Gatehingesandbearings 188
6.7.1 Typesofbearings 188
6.7.2 Cylindricalbushings 188
6.7.3 Sphericalplainbearing 190
6.7.4 Rollerbearings 192
7 Estimatinggateweights 195
7.1 Introduction 195
7.2 Segmentgates 196
7.3 Fixed-wheelgates 197
7.4 Double-leaffixed-wheelgates 197
7.5 Stoplogs 199
7.6 Flapgates 200
7.7 Caterpillargates 201
7.8 Embeddedparts 201
8 Hydrodynamicforces 211
8.1 Introduction 211
8.2 Modeltests 214
8.3 Factorsinfluencingdownpull 217
8.4 Formulaeforthepredictionofdownpull 220
8.5 MethodofKnapp 231
9 Gateoperatingforces 237
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 Gateweight 237
9.3 Frictiononsupportsandhinges 238
9.4 Sealdeflection 240
9.5 Sealfriction 241
10 Aeration 251
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Airvents–functionsandfeatures 251
10.3 Airvents–empiricalcalculation 253
10.4 Air-demandratio 254
10.5 Airventdimensioning 258
11 Gatehoists 265
11.1 Introduction 265
11.2 Screwlifts 265
viii Table of contents
11.3 Wireropes 267
11.4 Rollerchains 271
11.5 Oilhydraulicdrives 274
11.6 Gatehoistarrangement 283
11.7 Handoperation 286
11.8 Designcriteria 288
11.8.1 Loadcapacity 288
11.8.2 Operatingspeed 288
11.8.3 Safetyfactors 288
11.9 Gatepositionmeasurement 289
12 Materials 295
12.1 Introduction 295
12.2 Heattreatment 295
12.3 Rolledsteels 296
12.4 Steelsformachineelements 296
12.5 Stainlesssteels 297
12.6 Caststeels 297
12.7 Forgedsteels 297
12.8 Graycastirons 298
12.9 Bronzes 298
12.10 Bolts 298
13 Gateseals 307
13.1 Introduction 307
13.2 Woodseals 307
13.3 Metallicseals 307
13.4 Rubberseals 307
13.5 Materialforrubberseals 311
13.6 Cladseals 313
13.7 Rubbersealhardness 314
13.8 Rubberspecifications 314
13.9 Sealleakage 314
13.10 Manufactureandassemblyofseals 315
13.11 High-headsegmentgates–designconsiderations 317
13.12 Double-sealinggates 321
14 Manufacture,transportationanderection 335
14.1 Manufacture 335
14.1.1 Manufacturingsteps 335
14.1.2 Full-sizelayoutdrawings 335
14.1.3 Storingofrawmaterial 335
14.1.4 Marking 336
14.1.5 Cutting 336
14.1.6 Curving 336
14.1.7 Structurewelding 336
14.1.8 Finishing 337
Table of contents ix
14.1.9 Pre-assembly 337
14.1.10 Machining 339
14.1.11 Mechanicalfit-up 341
14.1.12 Anticorrosiveprotection 342
14.1.13 Inspection 345
14.1.14 Manufacturingtolerances 347
14.2 Transportation 349
14.3 Fielderection 350
14.3.1 Erectioninstructions 350
14.3.2 Erectionofembeddedparts 350
14.3.3 Erectiontolerancesofembeddedparts 352
14.3.4 Gateassembly 353
14.4 Acceptancetests 354
15 Trendsandinnovationingatedesign 357
15.1 Long-spangates 357
15.2 High-headgates 362
15.3 Refurbishmentandmodernizationofgatesanddams 364
15.3.1 Heighteningofexistinggates 365
15.3.2 Installationofnewgatesonthetopofthedam 369
16 Intakegates 377
16.1 Intakegatesandaccessories 377
16.2 Typesofemergencygates 378
16.3 Gatehoists 380
16.3.1 Typesofhoists 380
16.3.2 Hydraulichoists 381
16.3.3 Cablehoists 382
16.3.4 Gantrycranes 384
16.4 Fillingthepenstock 385
16.5 Aeration 388
16.6 GuardgatesforKaplanturbines 389
16.7 Guardgatesforbulbturbines 390
16.8 DrafttubestoplogsforbulbandKaplanturbines 391
17 Intaketrashracks 395
17.1 Introduction 395
17.2 Rackbarspacing 396
17.3 Designconsiderations 397
17.4 Flowvelocity 401
17.5 Headloss 402
17.6 Flow-inducedvibrations 402
17.7 Rack-cleaningmachines 410
17.8 Safedesigncriteriafortrashracks 413
Nameindex 419
Subjectindex 421