Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach, Third Edition

533 Pages·2013·10.95 MB·English

by  Richard M. Barker

Design of Highway Bridges
An LRFD Approach
Third Edition
Richard M. Barker
Jay A. Puckett
CoverDesign:ElizabethBrooks
CoverPhotograph:CourtesyoftheNationalSteelBridgeAlliance
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xiii
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xv
PARTI GENERALASPECTSOFBRIDGEDESIGN
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTIONTOBRIDGEENGINEERING 3
1.1 ABridgeIstheKeyElementinaTransportationSystem 3
1.2 BridgeEngineeringintheUnitedStates 3
1.2.1 StoneArchBridges 3
1.2.2 WoodenBridges 4
1.2.3 MetalTrussBridges 6
1.2.4 SuspensionBridges 8
1.2.5 MetalArchBridges 10
1.2.6 ReinforcedConcreteBridges 12
1.2.7 GirderBridges 13
1.2.8 ClosingRemarks 14
1.3 BridgeEngineer—Planner,Architect,Designer,Constructor,
andFacilityManager 14
References 15
Problems 15
CHAPTER2 SPECIFICATIONSANDBRIDGEFAILURES 17
2.1 BridgeSpecifications 17
2.2 ImplicationofBridgeFailuresonPractice 18
2.2.1 SilverBridge,PointPleasant,WestVirginia,December15,1967 18
2.2.2 I-5andI-210Interchange,SanFernando,California,
February9,1971 19
2.2.3 SunshineSkyway,TampaBay,Florida,May9,1980 21
2.2.4 MianusRiverBridge,Greenwich,Connecticut,June28,1983 22
2.2.5 SchoharieCreekBridge,Amsterdam,NewYork,April5,1987 24
2.2.6 CypressViaduct,LomaPrietaEarthquake,October17,1989 25
iii
iv CONTENTS
2.2.7 I-35WBridge,Minneapolis,Minnesota,August1,2007 26
2.2.8 FailuresDuringConstruction 30
References 30
Problems 31
CHAPTER3 BRIDGEAESTHETICS 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 NatureoftheStructuralDesignProcess 33
3.2.1 DescriptionandJustification 33
3.2.2 PublicandPersonalKnowledge 34
3.2.3 Regulation 34
3.2.4 DesignProcess 35
3.3 AestheticsinBridgeDesign 36
3.3.1 DefinitionofAesthetics 36
3.3.2 QualitiesofAestheticDesign 37
3.3.3 PracticalGuidelinesforMedium-andShort-SpanBridges 47
3.3.4 ComputerModeling 55
3.3.5 WebReferences 56
3.3.6 ClosingRemarksonAesthetics 59
References 59
Problems 60
CHAPTER4 BRIDGETYPESANDSELECTION 61
4.1 MainStructurebelowtheDeckLine 61
4.2 MainStructureabovetheDeckLine 61
4.3 MainStructureCoincideswiththeDeckLine 64
4.4 ClosingRemarksonBridgeTypes 66
4.5 SelectionofBridgeType 66
4.5.1 FactorstoBeConsidered 66
4.5.2 BridgeTypesUsedforDifferentSpanLengths 69
4.5.3 ClosingRemarks 72
References 72
Problems 73
CHAPTER5 DESIGNLIMITSTATES 75
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 DevelopmentofDesignProcedures 75
5.2.1 AllowableStressDesign 75
5.2.2 VariabilityofLoads 76
5.2.3 ShortcomingsofAllowableStressDesign 76
5.2.4 LoadandResistanceFactorDesign 77
5.3 DesignLimitStates 77
5.3.1 General 77
5.3.2 ServiceLimitState 79
5.3.3 FatigueandFractureLimitState 80
5.3.4 StrengthLimitState 81
5.3.5 ExtremeEventLimitState 81
5.4 ClosingRemarks 82
References 82
Problems 82
CONTENTS v
CHAPTER6 PRINCIPLESOFPROBABILISTICDESIGN 83
6.1 Introduction 83
6.1.1 FrequencyDistributionandMeanValue 83
6.1.2 StandardDeviation 83
6.1.3 ProbabilityDensityFunctions 84
6.1.4 BiasFactor 85
6.1.5 CoefficientofVariation 85
6.1.6 ProbabilityofFailure 86
6.1.7 SafetyIndexβ 87
6.2 CalibrationofLRFDCode 89
6.2.1 OverviewoftheCalibrationProcess 89
6.2.2 CalibrationUsingReliabilityTheory 89
6.2.3 CalibrationofFittingwithASD 93
6.3 ClosingRemarks 94
References 94
Problems 94
CHAPTER7 GEOMETRICDESIGNCONSIDERATIONS 95
7.1 IntroductiontoGeometricRoadwayConsiderations 95
7.2 RoadwayWidths 95
7.3 VerticalClearances 96
7.4 Interchanges 96
References 97
Problem 97
PARTII LOADSANDANALYSIS
CHAPTER8 LOADS 101
8.1 Introduction 101
8.2 GravityLoads 101
8.2.1 PermanentLoads 101
8.2.2 TransientLoads 102
8.3 LateralLoads 114
8.3.1 FluidForces 114
8.3.2 SeismicLoads 118
8.3.3 IceForces 122
8.4 ForcesDuetoDeformations 127
8.4.1 Temperature 127
8.4.2 CreepandShrinkage 129
8.4.3 Settlement 129
8.5 CollisionLoads 129
8.5.1 VesselCollision 129
8.5.2 RailCollision 129
8.5.3 VehicleCollision 129
8.6 BlastLoading 129
8.7 Summary 130
References 130
Problems 131
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER9 INFLUENCEFUNCTIONSANDGIRDER-LINEANALYSIS 133
9.1 Introduction 133
9.2 Definition 133
9.3 StaticallyDeterminateBeams 134
9.3.1 ConcentratedLoads 134
9.3.2 UniformLoads 136
9.4 Muller–BreslauPrinciple 137
9.4.1 Betti’sTheorem 137
9.4.2 TheoryofMuller–BreslauPrinciple 138
9.4.3 QualitativeInfluenceFunctions 139
9.5 StaticallyIndeterminateBeams 139
9.5.1 IntegrationofInfluenceFunctions 142
9.5.2 RelationshipbetweenInfluenceFunctions 143
9.5.3 Muller–BreslauPrincipleforEndMoments 145
9.5.4 AutomationbyMatrixStructuralAnalysis 146
9.6 NormalizedInfluenceFunctions 147
9.7 AASHTOVehicleLoads 149
9.8 InfluenceSurfaces 156
9.9 Summary 157
References 157
Problems 157
CHAPTER10 SYSTEMANALYSIS—INTRODUCTION 161
10.1 Introduction 161
10.2 SafetyofMethods 162
10.2.1 EquilibriumforSafeDesign 162
10.2.2 StressReversalandResidualStress 165
10.2.3 RepetitiveOverloads 165
10.2.4 FatigueandServiceability 169
10.3 Summary 170
References 170
Problem 170
CHAPTER11 SYSTEMANALYSIS—GRAVITYLOADS 171
11.1 Slab–GirderBridges 171
11.2 SlabBridges 194
11.3 SlabsinSlab–GirderBridges 198
11.4 Box-GirderBridges 206
11.5 ClosingRemarks 212
References 213
Problems 213
CHAPTER12 SYSTEMANALYSIS—LATERAL,TEMPERATURE,SHRINKAGE,
ANDPRESTRESSLOADS 215
12.1 LateralLoadAnalysis 215
12.1.1 WindLoads 215
12.1.2 SeismicLoadAnalysis 216
12.2 Temperature,Shrinkage,andPrestress 221
12.2.1 General 221
12.2.2 Prestressing 221
CONTENTS vii
12.2.3 TemperatureEffects 222
12.2.4 ShrinkageandCreep 225
12.3 ClosingRemarks 225
References 225
PARTIII CONCRETEBRIDGES
CHAPTER13 REINFORCEDCONCRETEMATERIALRESPONSEANDPROPERTIES 229
13.1 Introduction 229
13.2 ReinforcedandPrestressedConcreteMaterialResponse 229
13.3 ConstituentsofFreshConcrete 230
13.4 PropertiesofHardenedConcrete 232
13.4.1 Short-TermPropertiesofConcrete 232
13.4.2 Long-TermPropertiesofConcrete 238
13.5 PropertiesofSteelReinforcement 242
13.5.1 NonprestressedSteelReinforcement 242
13.5.2 PrestressingSteel 244
References 246
Problems 246
CHAPTER14 BEHAVIOROFREINFORCEDCONCRETEMEMBERS 249
14.1 LimitStates 249
14.1.1 ServiceLimitState 249
14.1.2 FatigueLimitState 252
14.1.3 StrengthLimitState 255
14.1.4 ExtremeEventLimitState 256
14.2 FlexuralStrengthofReinforcedConcreteMembers 257
14.2.1 DepthtoNeutralAxisforBeamswithBondedTendons 257
14.2.2 DepthtoNeutralAxisforBeamswithUnbondedTendons 259
14.2.3 NominalFlexuralStrength 260
14.2.4 Ductility,MaximumTensileReinforcement,
andResistanceFactorAdjustment 262
14.2.5 MinimumTensileReinforcement 264
14.2.6 LossofPrestress 265
14.3 ShearStrengthofReinforcedConcreteMembers 270
14.3.1 Variable-AngleTrussModel 271
14.3.2 ModifiedCompressionFieldTheory 272
14.3.3 ShearDesignUsingModifiedCompressionFieldTheory 278
14.4 ClosingRemarks 289
References 289
Problems 290
CHAPTER15 CONCRETEBARRIERSTRENGTHANDDECKDESIGN 291
15.1 ConcreteBarrierStrength 291
15.1.1 StrengthofUniformThicknessBarrierWall 291
15.1.2 StrengthofVariableThicknessBarrierWall 293
15.1.3 CrashTestingofBarriers 293
15.2 ConcreteDeckDesign 293
References 311
Problems 311
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER16 CONCRETEDESIGNEXAMPLES 313
16.1 SolidSlabBridgeDesign 313
16.2 T-BeamBridgeDesign 321
16.3 PrestressedGirderBridge 340
References 359
PARTIV STEELBRIDGES
CHAPTER17 STEELBRIDGES 363
17.1 Introduction 363
17.2 MaterialProperties 363
17.2.1 SteelmakingProcess:Traditional 363
17.2.2 SteelmakingProcess:MiniMills 365
17.2.3 SteelmakingProcess:EnvironmentalConsiderations 365
17.2.4 ProductionofFinishedProducts 365
17.2.5 ResidualStresses 365
17.2.6 HeatTreatments 366
17.2.7 ClassificationofStructuralSteels 366
17.2.8 EffectsofRepeatedStress(Fatigue) 370
17.2.9 BrittleFractureConsiderations 372
17.3 Summary 374
References 374
Problem 375
CHAPTER18 LIMITSTATESANDGENERALREQUIREMENTS 377
18.1 LimitStates 377
18.1.1 ServiceLimitState 377
18.1.2 FatigueandFractureLimitState 378
18.1.3 StrengthLimitStates 389
18.1.4 ExtremeEventLimitState 389
18.2 GeneralDesignRequirements 390
18.2.1 EffectiveLengthofSpan 390
18.2.2 Dead-LoadCamber 390
18.2.3 MinimumThicknessofSteel 390
18.2.4 DiaphragmsandCrossFrames 390
18.2.5 LateralBracing 390
References 391
Problems 391
CHAPTER19 STEELCOMPONENTRESISTANCE 393
19.1 TensileMembers 393
19.1.1 TypesofConnections 393
19.1.2 TensileResistance—Specifications 393
19.1.3 StrengthofConnectionsforTensionMembers 396
19.2 CompressionMembers 396
19.2.1 ColumnStability—Behavior 396
19.2.2 InelasticBuckling—Behavior 398
19.2.3 CompressiveResistance—Specifications 399
19.2.4 ConnectionsforCompressionMembers 401
CONTENTS ix
19.3 I-SectionsinFlexure 402
19.3.1 General 402
19.3.2 YieldMomentandPlasticMoment 405
19.3.3 StabilityRelatedtoFlexuralResistance 411
19.3.4 LimitStates 421
19.3.5 SummaryofI-SectionsinFlexure 424
19.3.6 ClosingRemarksonI-SectionsinFlexure 424
19.4 ShearResistanceofI-Sections 427
19.4.1 BeamActionShearResistance 427
19.4.2 TensionFieldActionShearResistance 429
19.4.3 CombinedShearResistance 431
19.4.4 ShearResistanceofUnstiffenedWebs 432
19.5 ShearConnectors 432
19.5.1 FatigueLimitStateforStudConnectors 433
19.5.2 StrengthLimitStateforStudConnectors 434
19.6 Stiffeners 438
19.6.1 TransverseIntermediateStiffeners 438
19.6.2 BearingStiffeners 440
References 441
Problems 442
CHAPTER20 STEELDESIGNEXAMPLES 443
20.1 NoncompositeRolledSteelBeamBridge 443
20.2 CompositeRolledSteelBeamBridge 452
20.3 Multiple-SpanCompositeSteelPlateGirderBeamBridge 461
References 499
APPENDIXA INFLUENCEFUNCTIONSFORDECKANALYSIS 501
APPENDIXB TRANSVERSEDECKMOMENTSPERAASHTOAPPENDIXA4 503
APPENDIXC METALREINFORCEMENTINFORMATION 505
APPENDIXD REFINEDESTIMATEOFTIME-DEPENDENTLOSSES 507
References 512
APPENDIXE NCHRP12-33PROJECTTEAM 513
TaskGroups 513
APPENDIXF LIVE-LOADDISTRIBUTION—RIGIDMETHOD 515
INDEX 517
PREFACE
Theobjectiveofthethirdeditionisthesameasthefirsttwo civilengineers. Soover dinneranda majorleague baseball
editions,thatis,toprovidethestudentorpractitioneramean- game,theyrealizedtheycouldbetheonestodothewriting.
ingfulintroductiontothedesignofmedium-andshort-span Pucketttookhis sabbatical with Barkerat VirginiaTech in
girderbridges.However,themannerinwhichthematerialis 1993,theywrotetrialchapters,preparedaproposalthatwas
presented has changed. Instead of the eightchapters of the acceptedbyJohnWiley&Sons,andthefirsteditionwithten
secondedition,thecontenthasbeenspreadoutovertwenty chapterswaspublishedin1997.
shorterchapters.Thisorganizationshouldleadtoeasierread- Itwasnotlongbeforethemetricsystemrequirementwas
ingandsimplerorganizationofclassroomassignments. droppedandthehighwaybridgedesignersneededatextbook
To help understand how these changes have come about, writteninU.S. CustomaryUnits.Therefore, itbecame nec-
itisinformativetoseehowtheprocessallstarted.Itwasin essary tomake revisionsandtoprepare asecond editionof
August 1990 that the two authors were at an International thebook.Besidestheunitschange,theLRFDspecifications
ConferenceonShortandMediumSpanBridgesinToronto, wereintheirthirdeditionandthetextbookneededtobeup-
Canada, where both were presenting papers. They had of- dated.Asnewmaterialwasadded,thenumberofpageswas
ten met at these bridgeconferences and were familiarwith deemed too large and two chapters were dropped—Wood
each other’s work—Puckett’son analysis and software de- BridgesandSubstructureDesign.Thesetwotopicsarefound
velopment and Barker’s fundamental application of LRFD onlyinthemetricsystemunitsofthefirstedition.
togeotechnical materials. Bothwere classroom teachers in The remaining eight chapters of the second edition have
structuralengineering. beendividedintofourparts:GeneralAspectsofBridgeDe-
Atthetime,anumberofmajorchangesweretakingplace sign (Chapters 1–7), Loads and Analysis (Chapters 8–12),
inthe design ofhighwaybridges. Philosophicallythe most Concrete Bridges (Chapters 13–16), and Steel Bridges
dramatic was the change from a deterministic (allowable (Chapters17–20).Anotherchangeinthelayoutofthethird
stress)designapproachtoaprobabilistic(limitstate)design editionistheadditionofaninsertofmainlycolorbridgepho-
concepts.Theotherbigchangewasagovernmentedictthat tos.These photoshavebeenselectedtoillustratebridgesof
highwaybridgesthatwere builtwithfederal dollars had to historicalsignificance;the ones mostaesthetically pleasing
beconstructedanddesignedinthemetricsystemstartingin thataremostbeautifulintheirsurroundings,andnoteworthy
1997. asthelongest,tallest,orhighestbridgesoftheirtype.
The timing was right for a comprehensive textbook on We suggest that a first course in bridges be based on
the design of highway bridges. The American Association Chapters1–7withChapters5,6,and7compulsoryreading.
of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO) Loads and analysis should followwith required reading in
were in the midst of a complete rewriting of their Bridge Chapter8andselectedportionsofChapter9and10depend-
Design Specifications in a LRFD format. Finite-element inguponthestudents’backgroundandinstructor’sinterest.
analysis tools had matured, truck loads were better under- Designcan be addressed witheitherthechapters oncon-
stood through weigh-in-motion studies, material behavior crete (Chapters13–16)or thoseonsteel (Chapters17–20).
was being unified for prestressed and non-prestressed Instructor guidance is required to lead the student through
concrete by the American Concrete Institute (ACI), post- these chapters and to address the topics of most interest.
bucklingstrengthof plate girder webs and fatiguestrength For example, concrete bridges could be addressed with
ofwelddetailswerebetterunderstood. nonprestressed bridges which would simplify the topic.
Thetwoprofessorsdecidedthatsomeoneneededtowritea However, teaching prestressed concrete within a bridge
textbooktopresentthesechangestostudentsandpracticing context could be an excellent way for students to gain
xi