Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach, Second Edition

1024 Pages·2007·28.65 MB·English

by  Richard M. Barker

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Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach, Second Edition. Richard M. Barker and Jay A. Puckett
© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-69758-9
BOOKCOMP,Inc.—JohnWiley&Sons/Pagei/PrinterProof/DesignofHighwayBridges,2e/Barker
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2 Design of
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Highway Bridges
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10 An LRFD Approach, Second Edition
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19 Richard M. Barker * 118.18399pt PgVar
20 ProfessorEmeritusofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering ———
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Blacksburg,Virginia * PgEnds: Eject
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Jay A. Puckett
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V.O.SmithProfessorandHeadofCivilandArchitectural
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Engineering
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UniversityofWyoming
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29 Laramie,Wyoming
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44 JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
BOOKCOMP,Inc.—JohnWiley&Sons/Pageiii/PrinterProof/DesignofHighwayBridges,2e/Barker
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Copyright©2007byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
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Barker,R.M.(RichardM.)
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Designofhighwaybridges:anLRFDapproach,/RichardM.Barker,JayA.Puckett.
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—2nded.
35 p. cm.
36 Includesindex.
37 ISBN-13:978-0-471-69758-9(cloth)
ISBN-10:0-471-69758-3(cloth)
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1. Bridges—United States—Design and construction. 2. Load factor design. I.
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Puckett,JayAlan. II.Title.
40 TG300.B38 2006
41 624.2'5—dc22 2006025097
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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
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BOOKCOMP,Inc.—JohnWiley&Sons/Pageiv/PrinterProof/DesignofHighwayBridges,2e/Barker
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7 Toourparents,ourwives,andourchildren,whohaveshown
8 ustheway,beenourconstantsupport,andareourfuture.
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BOOKCOMP,Inc.—JohnWiley&Sons/Pagev/PrinterProof/DesignofHighwayBridges,2e/Barker
1
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6 Contents
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12 [First Page]
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14 [-7], (1)
15 Preface xv
16 Preface to the First Edition xix
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18 1 Introduction to Bridge Engineering 1 ———
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1.1 ABridgeIsKeyElementinaTransportationSystem 2
20 1.2 BridgeEngineeringintheUnitedStates 2 ———
21 1.2.1 StoneArchBridges 3 Normal Page
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1.2.2 WoodenBridges 4 PgEnds: TEX
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1.2.3 MetalTrussBridges 8
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1.2.4 SuspensionBridges 10
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1.2.5 MetalArchBridges 14
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27 1.2.6 ReinforcedConcreteBridges 17
28 1.2.7 GirderBridges 20
29 1.2.8 ClosingRemarks 21
30 1.3 BridgeSpecifications 21
31 1.4 ImplicationofBridgeFailuresonPractice 24
32 1.4.1 SilverBridge,PointPleasant,WestVirginia,
33 December15,1967 25
34 1.4.2 I-5andI-210Interchange,SanFernando,California,
35 February9,1971 26
36 1.4.3 SunshineSkyway,TampaBay,Florida,May9,1980 29
37 1.4.4 MianusRiverBridge,Greenwich,Connecticut,June28,1983 30
38 1.4.5 SchoharieCreekBridge,Amsterdam,NewYork,April5,1987 35
39 1.4.6 CypressViaduct,LomaPrietaEarthquake,October17,1989 37
40 1.5 FailuresduringConstruction 39
41 1.6 BridgeEngineer—Planner,Architect,Designer,Constructor,
42 andFacilityManager 39
43 References 41
44 Problems 42
vii
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viii Contents
1 2 Aesthetics and Bridge Types 45
2 2.1 Introduction 45
3 2.2 NatureoftheStructuralDesignProcess 45
4 2.2.1 DescriptionandJustification 46
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2.2.2 PublicandPersonalKnowledge 48
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2.2.3 Regulation 49
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2.2.4 DesignProcess 49
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2.3 AestheticsinBridgeDesign 51
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2.3.1 DefinitionofAesthetics 52
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2.3.2 QualitiesofAestheticDesign 53
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2.3.3 PracticalGuidelinesforMedium-andShort-SpanBridges 67
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2.3.4 ComputerModeling 83
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14 2.3.5 WebReferences 83 [-8], (2)
15 2.3.6 ClosingRemarksonAesthetics 87
2.4 TypesofBridges 87
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17 2.4.1 MainStructurebelowtheDeckLine 88 Lines: 78 to 168
18 2.4.2 MainStructureabovetheDeckLine 89 ———
19 2.4.3 MainStructureCoincideswiththeDeckLine 94 -2.562pt PgV
20 2.4.4 ClosingRemarksonBridgeTypes 96 ———
21 2.5 SelectionofBridgeType 96 Long Page
22 2.5.1 FactorstoBeConsidered 96 PgEnds: TEX
23 2.5.2 BridgeTypesUsedforDifferentSpanLengths 101
24 2.5.3 ClosingRemarksonSelectionofBridgeTypes 108
25 References 109 [-8], (2)
26 Problems 111
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28 3 General Design Considerations 113
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3.1 Introduction 113
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3.2 DevelopmentofDesignProcedures 114
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3.2.1 AllowableStressDesign 114
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3.2.2 VariabilityofLoads 116
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3.2.3 ShortcomingsofAllowableStressDesign 117
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3.2.4 LoadandResistanceFactorDesign 117
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3.3 DesignLimitStates 118
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3.3.1 General 118
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3.3.2 ServiceLimitState 122
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3.3.3 FatigueandFractureLimitState 124
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40 3.3.4 StrengthLimitState 125
41 3.3.5 ExtremeEventLimitState 126
42 3.4 PrinciplesofProbabilisticDesign 127
43 3.4.1 FrequencyDistributionandMeanValue 128
44 3.4.2 StandardDeviation 129
3.4.3 ProbabilityDensityFunctions 129
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Contents ix
1 3.4.4 BiasFactor 132
2 3.4.5 CoefficientofVariation 133
3 3.4.6 ProbabilityofFailure 134
4 3.4.7 SafetyIndexβ 136
5 3.5 CalibrationofLRFDCode 141
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3.5.1 OverviewoftheCalibrationProcess 141
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3.5.2 CalibrationUsingReliabilityTheory 142
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3.5.3 CalibrationbyFittingwithASD 152
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3.6 GeometricDesignConsiderations 153
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3.6.1 RoadwayWidths 154
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3.6.2 VerticalClearances 156
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3.6.3 Interchanges 156
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3.7 ClosingRemarks 157 [-9], (3)
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References 158
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Problems 159
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Lines: 168 to 250
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4 Loads 161
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19 4.1 Introduction 161 2.884pt PgVar
20 4.2 GravityLoads 162 ———
21 4.2.1 PermanentLoads 162 Long Page
22 4.2.2 TransientLoads 164
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23 4.3 LateralLoads 189
24 4.3.1 FluidForces 189
25 4.3.2 SeismicLoads 189 [-9], (3)
26 4.3.3 IceForces 204
27 4.4 ForcesduetoDeformations 216
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4.4.1 Temperature 216
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4.4.2 CreepandShrinkage 219
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4.4.3 Settlement 220
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4.5 CollisionLoads 220
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4.5.1 VesselCollision 220
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4.5.2 RailCollision 220
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4.5.3 VehicleCollision 220
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4.6 Summary 221
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References 221
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Problems 223
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5 Influence Functions and Girder-Line Analysis 225
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41 5.1 Introduction 225
42 5.2 Definition 226
43 5.3 StaticallyDeterminateBeams 228
44 5.3.1 ConcentratedLoads 229
5.3.2 UniformLoads 233
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x Contents
1 5.4 Muller–BreslauPrinciple 235
2 5.4.1 Betti’sTheorem 235
3 5.4.2 TheoryofMuller–BreslauPrinciple 236
4 5.4.3 QualitativeInfluenceFunctions 240
5 5.5 StaticallyIndeterminateBeams 241
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5.5.1 IntegrationofInfluenceFunctions 248
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5.5.2 RelationshipbetweenInfluenceFunctions 250
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5.5.3 Muller–BreslauPrincipleforEndMoments 254
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5.5.4 AutomationbyMatrixStructuralAnalysis 257
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5.6 NormalizedInfluenceFunctions 259
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5.7 AASHTOVehicleLoads 259
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5.8 InfluenceSurfaces 275
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5.9 Summary 275 [-10], (4)
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References 276
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Problems 277
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Lines: 250 to 33
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6 System Analysis 283
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19 6.1 Introduction 283 3.662pt PgV
6.2 SafetyofMethods 288
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21 6.2.1 EquilibriumforSafeDesign 288 Normal Page
22 6.2.2 StressReversalandResidualStress 291
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23 6.2.3 RepetitiveOverloads 295
24 6.2.4 FatigueandServiceability 302
25 6.3 GravityLoadAnalysis 302 [-10], (4)
26 6.3.1 Slab–GirderBridges 303
27 6.3.2 SlabBridges 347
28 6.3.3 SlabsinSlab–GirderBridges 354
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6.3.4 Box-GirderBridges 372
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6.4 EffectsofTemperature,Shrinkage,andPrestress 385
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6.4.1 General 385
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6.4.2 Prestressing 386
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6.4.3 TemperatureEffects 386
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6.4.4 ShrinkageandCreep 395
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6.5 LateralLoadAnalysis 395
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37 6.5.1 WindLoads 395
38 6.5.2 SeismicLoadAnalysis 400
39 6.6 Summary 408
40 References 409
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7 Concrete Bridges 411
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43 7.1 Introduction 411
44 7.2 ReinforcedandPrestressedConcreteMaterialResponse 412
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Contents xi
1 7.3 ConstituentsofFreshConcrete 414
2 7.4 PropertiesofHardenedConcrete 417
3 7.4.1 Short-TermPropertiesofConcrete 418
4 7.4.2 Long-TermPropertiesofConcrete 430
5 7.5 PropertiesofSteelReinforcement 440
6 7.5.1 NonprestressedSteelReinforcement 441
7 7.5.2 PrestressingSteel 448
8 7.6 LimitStates 449
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7.6.1 ServiceLimitState 449
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7.6.2 FatigueLimitState 454
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7.6.3 StrengthLimitState 461
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7.6.4 ExtremeEventLimitState 463
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7.7 FlexuralStrengthofReinforcedConcreteMembers 463 [-11], (5)
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7.7.1 DepthtoNeutralAxisforBeamswithBondedTendons 463
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7.7.2 DepthtoNeutralAxisforBeamswithUnbondedTendons 468
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17 7.7.3 NominalFlexuralStrength 471 Lines: 330 to 412
18 7.7.4 DuctilityandMaximumTensileReinforcement 476 ———
19 7.7.5 MinimumTensileReinforcement 481 0.216pt PgVar
20 7.7.6 LossofPrestress 482 ———
21 7.8 ShearStrengthofReinforcedConcreteMembers 504 Normal Page
22 7.8.1 Variable-AngleTrussModel 506
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23 7.8.2 ModifiedCompressionFieldTheory 510
24 7.8.3 ShearDesignUsingModifiedCompressionFieldTheory 523
25 7.9 ConcreteBarrierStrength 534 [-11], (5)
26 7.9.1 StrengthofUniformThicknessBarrierWall 535
27 7.9.2 StrengthofVariableThicknessBarrierWall 540
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7.9.3 CrashTestingofBarriers 540
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7.10 ExampleProblems 540
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7.10.1 ConcreteDeckDesign 541
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7.10.2 SolidSlabBridgeDesign 579
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7.10.3 T-BeamBridgeDesign 597
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7.10.4 PrestressedGirderBridge 636
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References 680
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Problems 683
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8 Steel Bridges 687
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8.1 Introduction 687
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8.2 MaterialProperties 688
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41 8.2.1 SteelmakingProcess:Traditional 688
42 8.2.2 SteelmakingPrecess:MiniMills 689
43 8.2.3 SteelmakingProcess:EnvironmentalConsiderations 690
44 8.2.4 ProductionofFinishedProducts 691
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1 8.2.5 ResidualStresses 692
2 8.2.6 HeatTreatments 693
3 8.2.7 ClassificationofStructuralSteels 694
4 8.2.8 EffectsofRepeatedStress(Fatigue) 704
5 8.2.9 BrittleFractureConsiderations 707
6 8.3 LimitStates 709
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8.3.1 ServiceLimitState 710
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8.3.2 FatigueandFractureLimitState 711
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8.3.3 StrengthLimitStates 722
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8.3.4 ExtremeEventLimitState 724
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8.4 GeneralDesignRequirements 725
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8.4.1 EffectiveLengthofSpan 725
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8.4.2 Dead-LoadCamber 725 [-12], (6)
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8.4.3 MinimumThicknessofSteel 725
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8.4.4 DiaphragmsandCrossFrames 725
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17 8.4.5 LateralBracing 726 Lines: 412 to 50
8.5 TensionMembers 727
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19 8.5.1 TypesofConnections 727 -2.452pt PgV
20 8.5.2 TensileResistance 729 ———
21 8.5.3 StrengthofConnectionsforTensileMembers 735 Long Page
22 8.6 CompressionMembers 735
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23 8.6.1 ColumnStabilityConcepts 736
24 8.6.2 InelasticBucklingConcepts 740
25 8.6.3 CompressiveResistance 742 [-12], (6)
26 8.6.4 ConnectionsforCompressionMembers 748
27 8.7 I-SectionsinFlexure 748
28 8.7.1 General 749
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8.7.2 YieldMomentandPlasticMoment 754
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8.7.3 StabilityRelatedtoFlexuralResistance 772
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8.7.4 LimitStates 796
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8.7.5 SummaryofI-SectionsinFlexure 801
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8.7.6 ClosingRemarksonI-SectionsinFlexure 801
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8.8 ShearResistanceofI-Sections 801
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8.8.1 BeamActionShearResistance 806
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8.8.2 TensionFieldActionShearResistance 807
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38 8.8.3 CombinedShearResistance 811
39 8.8.4 ShearResistanceofUnstiffenedWebs 813
8.9 ShearConnectors 816
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41 8.9.1 FatigueLimitStateforStudConnectors 816
42 8.9.2 StrengthLimitStateforStudConnectors 819
43 8.10 Stiffeners 828
44 8.10.1 TransverseIntermediateStiffeners 828
8.10.2 BearingStiffeners 836
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