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Design of CMOS Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Integrated Circuits with Metamaterials Design of CMOS Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Integrated Circuits with Metamaterials Hao Yu Yang Shang CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150806 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-3816-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi SECTION I: FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Overview of Terahertz Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Terahertz Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Optics-Based Terahertz System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 CMOS THz Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 CMOS THz Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.1 THz CMOS Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.2 THz CMOS Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 CMOS Metamaterial Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2 Non-Resonant-Type Metamaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1 Composite Right-/Left-Handed T-Line . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.2 Magnetic Plasmon Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3 Resonant-Type Metamaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.1 T-Line Loaded with Split Ring Resonator . . . . . . . 32 2.3.2 T-Line Loaded with Complementary Split Ring Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 CMOS Coherent THz Electronics by Metamaterial . . . . . . 34 2.4.1 Coherent Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 v vi (cid:4) Contents 2.4.2 Coherent Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4.3 Coherent Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.4.4 Transceiver Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3 CMOS THz Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2 Fractional-Order T-Line Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2.1 Fractional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2.2 Fractional-Order Capacitance and Inductance . . . . . 42 3.2.3 Fractional-Order T-Line Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2.4 Fractional-Order CRLH T-Line Model . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 Model Extraction and Causality Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3.1 Fractional-Order Model Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3.2 Causal LTI System and Causality Enforcement . . . . 47 3.3.3 Causality of T-Line Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.4 Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.4.1 T-Line Fractional-Order Model Verification . . . . . . 50 3.4.2 CRLH T-Line Fractional-Order Model Verification . . 53 3.4.3 Causality Verification and Comparison . . . . . . . . . 55 3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 SECTION II: CMOS THZ SIGNAL GENERATION 63 4 Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2 Frequency Tuning by Loaded Transformer . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2.1 Inductive Tuning Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2.2 Inductor-Loaded Transformer by Switching Return-Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.3 Frequency Tuning by CRLH T-Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.3.1 CRLH T-Line-Based RTW-VCO . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.3.2 Wide-Band Tuning for CRLH T-Line-Based RTW-VCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.4 Circuit Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.4.1 60-GHz VCO Prototype with Asymmetric Implementation of Inductive Tuning . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.4.2 60-GHz VCO Prototype with Symmetric Implementation of Inductive Tuning . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.4.3 90-GHz VCO Prototype with CRLH T-Line-Based RTW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Contents (cid:4) vii 5 Coupled Oscillator Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2 In-Phase Signal Generation by MPW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.3 Circuit Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.3.1 60 GHz CON Signal Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.3.2 140 GHz CON Signal Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.3.3 280 GHz CON Signal Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6 Phase-Locked Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.2 60-GHz PLL Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.3 Circuit Prototyping and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.3.1 Divider Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.3.2 PLL Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 SECTION III: CMOS THZ SIGNAL AMPLIFI- CATION AND TRANSMISSION 145 7 Power Combiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 7.2 In-Phase Signal Transmission by CRLH Zero-Phase-Shifter 148 7.3 PA Design with Power Combining Network . . . . . . . . . . 150 7.3.1 SEDFDA-Based PA Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 7.3.2 ZPS-Based 2D Distributed Power Combining for PA . 157 7.3.3 Stabilization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 7.3.4 Digital Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 7.4 Circuit Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.4.1 60 GHz PA Design with Single-Ended 2 2 Power × Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.4.2 60 GHw PA Design with Differential 2 4 Power × Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7.4.3 60 GHz PA Prototype with Differential 4 4 Power × Combining and Digital Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8 Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.2 CRLH T-Line-Based Leaky Wave Antenna . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.3 Circularly PolarizedSIW Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.4 Circuit Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.4.1 280-GHz LWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.4.2 280-GHz SIW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 8.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 viii (cid:4) Contents SECTION IV: CMOS THZ SIGNAL DETECTION 211 9 Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.2 Differential TL-SRR Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 9.2.1 Stacked SRR Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 9.2.2 Comparison with Single-Ended TL-SRR Resonator . . 215 9.2.3 Comparison with Standing-Wave Resonator . . . . . . 217 9.3 Differential TL-CSRR Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.4 Circuit Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.4.1 76-GHz Differential TL-SRR Resonator . . . . . . . . 220 9.4.2 96-GHz Differential TL-CSRR Resonator . . . . . . . 223 9.4.3 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 9.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 10 Super-Regenerative Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.2 Fundamentals of Super-Regenerative Amplification . . . . . 233 10.2.1 Equivalent Circuit of SRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 10.2.2 Frequency Response of SRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 10.2.3 Sensitivity of SRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 10.3 Super-Regenerative Receiver by SRR/CSRR Resonator . . . 236 10.3.1 Quench-Controlled Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 10.3.2 SRX Design by TL-CSRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 10.3.3 SRX Design by TL-SRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 10.4 Circuit Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 10.4.1 DTL-CSRR-Based SRX at 96 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . 244 10.4.2 DTL-SRR-Based SRX at 135 GHz . . . . . . . . . . . 246 10.4.3 Comparison and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 10.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 11 In-Phase Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 11.2 SRX Sensitivity Enhancement by ZPS-Coupled CON . . . . 251 11.3 Circuit Prototyping and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 11.3.1 SRX Circuit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 11.3.2 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 11.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 SECTION V: APPLICATIONS 259 12 CMOS THz Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 12.2 135-GHz Narrow-BandImager by DTL-SRR-Based SRX . . 263 12.2.1 THz Imaging by SRA Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Contents (cid:4) ix 12.2.2 Narrow-BandImaging Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 12.3 240 280-GHz Wide-Band Imager with Heterodyne Receiver 267 ∼ 12.3.1 Architecture and System Specification . . . . . . . . . 268 12.3.2 Down-ConversionMixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 12.3.3 Power Gain Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 12.3.4 Wide-Band Imaging Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 12.3.5 Wide-Band THz Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 12.4 280-GHz Reflective Imaging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 12.4.1 Differential Down-ConversionReceiver . . . . . . . . . 279 12.4.2 2D On-Chip Leaky Wave Antenna Array . . . . . . . 283 12.4.3 Transceiver Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 12.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 13 CMOS THz Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 13.2 Massive MIMO Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 13.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 14 CMOS THz Wireline Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 14.2 Surface Plasmon PolaritonT-Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 14.3 SRR Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 14.4 Multi-Channel I/O Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 14.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

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