Table Of ContentTE-WCEC ymrA eht fo tnemtrapeD EM 1110-2-501
sreenig nfsEopr oyCm r.AS.U
launa MreenignE 20314-1000DWCa shington, 99 9y1raurb e1F
1110-2-501
noita r,dennpoaOitcurt s,nnogCiseD
SMET SRYESTAWET SLALWAMS
Distribution Restriction Statement
snioitubirts i;desael ecrilb urp odfevorppA
.detimilnu
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-501
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CECW-ET Washington, DC 20314-1000
Manual
No. 1110-2-501 1 February 1999
Design, Construction, and Operation
SMALL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
1. Purpose.f onoitcele sdn angi se deh tro fairetir cdn aecnadiu ge divor po tdednetn is ilauna msihT
d n,aez i,stcel e osytrassec ennoitamrof nei hhtt osbedivo r. tpsIeitilic atfnemtae rrtetawets aewlacs-llams
-ref edretpec cda nealbalia vyallaren e ogetcnadi udg n,asesseco rtpi ntunemtae rrtetawets ahwc unsgised
e rsamets ytsnemtae rrtetawets aewlacs-lla m,slaun asmi h fteosopr uep h rt. onFoitamrof nhic urs osfecne
y ard espnoll a0g00,0 0 r1)od/ Ly( ard espret i0l 090 7n3a hsts eslwo lnfgis eydli aedgare vhat iewsoht
egakc a rpdoetacirbafe rlpla m,s)d/l a0g00 5d( /0L 0 89n1a hsts eslwo lrf osfkn actitp egsnidulc n,i)d/lag(
detacirbafe rrpegr ad ln,a)d/l a0g00,0 5d (/0 L00 09d 1n)ad/l a0g00 5d (/0 L08n91eewt esbwo lr fosftnalp
.)d/l a0g00,00 1d( /0L 090 7n3a hetr o o mfnsoeiticap ahct iswmets ytsnemtaert
2. Applicability.sk r olwiv irc oyftilibisnops egrniv ashd namm oECCASU QlH l oasteilp plaaun asmihT
.stcejorp
3. Distribution Statement .detimil n sunioit.ubirts i;desael ecrilb urp odfevor p pA
ROF E:HRTEDNAMMOC
ALBERT J. GENETTI, JR.
A S,Ularen erGojaM
ffa tffSoeihC
rebmet pd0ee 3 Stt, ar2;da8P 7r9e1bmet pd9ee 2 Stt, ar1,da1P05-2-0 1sM1eE1desre pluasu nsaimhT
;0891 dna traP ,3 detad 13 yaM .3891
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-501
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
CECW-ET Washington, DC 20314-1000
Manual
No. 1110-2-501 1 February 1999
Design, Construction, and Operation
SMALL WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Table of Contents
Subject Paragraph Page
Chapter 1
Introduction
esopruP ........................................................ 1-1 1-1
ytilibacilppA .................................................... 2-1 1-1
secnerefeR ...................................................... 3-1 1-1
tnemeta tnSoitubirtsiD ............................................. 4-1 1-1
snoitalug edR nsawaL ............................................. 5-1 1-1
Chapter 2
Preliminary Data Requirements
lareneG ........................................................ 1-2 1-2
seitilic alFanoitaerceR ............................................. 2-2 1-2
snoitatimi Ltneulff Ef onoitanimreteD ................................. 3-2 1-2
srotc anFoitcel eeStiS .............................................. 4-2 2-2
Chapter 3
Wastewater Generation and Characterization
lareneG ........................................................ 1-3 1-3
ya t fShotgn edL nnaoitatisiV ........................................ 2-3 1-3
noitatis i nVsinoitairaV ............................................ 3-3 1-3
noitaren erGetawets adW neaga srUetaW ............................... 4-3 1-3
noitubirts iwDo lyFli adD nyalhtnoM .................................. 5-3 2-3
noitaziretcar arheCtawetsaW ........................................ 6-3 3-3
Chapter 4
Collection Systems
lareneG ........................................................ 1-4 1-4
ylpp urSet adWezirusse r fPeocnesbA ................................. 2-4 1-4
Transport by Truck ............................................... 3-4 1-4
smets ywSo lyFtivarG ............................................. 4-4 3-4
smets ynSi aeMcroF .............................................. 5-4 3-4
smets ynSoitcell orCetawets aeWvitanretlA ............................. 6-4 4-4
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Subject Paragraph Page
Chapter 5
Treatment Design Considerations
lareneG ........................................................ 1-5 1-5
stin Ulaudividn IllamS ............................................. 2-5 1-5
seitilic atFnemtae rrTetawets alWanoitnevnoC ........................... 3-5 4-5
sdn onPoitazilibatS ............................................... 4-5 01-5
tnemta erreTtawet s rasoWmfet slyaSrutaN ............................. 5-5 11-5
sdnalt eeWdaM-naM .............................................. 6-5 91-5
lavom etRneirtuN ................................................. 7-5 32-5
lasops idD ntanemtae reTgdulS ...................................... 8-5 52-5
stneulf frEetawets a fWnooitcefnisiD .................................. 9-5 82-5
Chapter 6
Laboratory Design, Sampling, and Flow Monitoring
lareneG ........................................................ 1-6 1-6
ngis eyDrotarobaL ................................................ 2-6 1-6
sisylan Adn agnilpmaS ............................................. 3-6 2-6
gnirotino MwolF ................................................. 4-6 2-6
Chapter 7
Treatment Process Selection
weivrevO ....................................................... 1-7 1-7
noitatis ieVtiS ................................................... 2-7 1-7
secruos elRacoL ................................................. 3-7 1-7
snoitaredisno CcimonocE ........................................... 4-7 1-7
snoitaredisn ohCtlaeH ............................................. 5-7 3-7
snoitaredisno CcitehtseA ........................................... 6-7 4-7
snoitaredisn oyCtefaS ............................................. 7-7 4-7
snoitaredisn oyCtiruceS/sseccA ...................................... 8-7 4-7
sesseco rtPnemtae r fTnoosirapmoC ................................... 9-7 5-7
Chapter 8
Design References and Examples
lareneG ........................................................ 1-8 1-8
slaun anMgis eyDratiliM ........................................... 2-8 1-8
snoitacilb u)PCFS Ne(suohgnirae lsCwo llFla mlSanoitaN .................. 3-8 2-8
stx ed Tnsalaun anMgis erDetawetsaW ................................ 4-8 2-8
)APE (ycneg Anoitcetor Platnemnorivn E.S.U ........................... 5-8 2-8
secirt aeMlpma xd Enaaireti rnCgis erDetawetsaW ....................... 6-8 3-8
selpmax Engise DlanoitiddA ........................................ 7-8 4-8
Chapter 9
General Wastewater System Design Deficiencies
lareneG ........................................................ 1-9 1-9
snoitaredisn olClarevO ............................................. 2-9 1-9
ngise DlanoitnevnoC .............................................. 3-9 5-9
sesseco rtPi nyUranimilerP .......................................... 4-9 6-9
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Subject Paragraph Page
sseco rtPi ntUnemtae ryTramirP ...................................... 5-9 01-9
sesseco rtPi ntUnemtae ryTradnoceS .................................. 6-9 11-9
gniretawe DegdulS ............................................... 7-9 71-9
stna llPanoitnevnoC-noN ........................................... 8-9 71-9
noitacilp pdAnaL ................................................. 9-9 91-9
lasops idD nganiy reDgdulS ........................................ 01-9 02-9
smetsy Snoitcello CreweS ......................................... 11-9 22-9
snoit attfSiL .................................................... 21-9 22-9
Chapter 10
Sludge Disposal
lareneG ....................................................... 1-01 1-01
snoitinifeD ..................................................... 2-01 1-01
sdradna ttSnemeganaM ........................................... 3-01 2-01
snoitalug elRat ecMixoT .......................................... 4-01 2-01
noitacilp pdAn a fLtoceffE ......................................... 5-01 2-01
noitcud enRoitcart trAotc edV nnaegohtaP ............................. 6-01 2-01
snoisulcxE ..................................................... 7-01 3-01
stim itLnatull onPoitacilp pdAnaL ................................... 8-01 3-01
secitca rtPnemegan anMoitacilp pdAnaL .............................. 9-01 3-01
stim itLnatull olPasops ieDcafruS .................................. 01-01 4-01
noitcud enRoitcart trAotc edV nsanegohtaP ........................... 11-01 4-01
sesseco rtPnemtae rnTegohtaP ..................................... 21-01 5-01
set inSoitamalc e rR,ostser o,Fdn alLarutlucir g oAdteilp peAgatpeS ........ 31-01 6-01
mu crSetawetsaW .............................................. 41-01 6-01
sdohte MgnitsopmoC ............................................ 51-01 7-01
stneg AgnikluB/stnemdnemA/sevitidd AgnitsopmoC ..................... 61-01 7-01
tnempiuqE .................................................... 71-01 7-01
ecnadiuG ..................................................... 81-01 01-01
Appendix A
References
Appendix B
States with Regulations/Requirements Applicable to Small-Scale Wastewater Treatment
Facilities
Appendix C
Wastewater Characterization Data
Appendix D
Wastewater Design Criteria and Examples Matrix Summary from Non-Military Sources
Appendix E
Design Examples
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Appendix F
U.S. Army Experience with Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems
Appendix G
Abbreviations and Glossary of Terms
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Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1. Purpose
sihT launam si dednetni ot edivorp ecnadiug dna airetirc rof eht ngised dna noitceles folacs-llams e
wastew ater .y s r,e,a t ies oncntzs dtg eo iienitlisclsc asneteuieh eesadscnt tdmmiaoeItrvfbhaootefrrnpti h
wastewate r se crno efdecrelue tbsfd paenye,elralcsci lne ca daastavon rdsnatateieei nucmnegotugrapert h
infor .noitam roF eht esoprup fo siht ,launam elacs-lla mrsetawetsaw tnemtaert smetsys era esohttiw h
averag e yliad ngised swolf ssel naht 973 000 sretil rep yad )d/L( ro 000,001 snollag rep yad)d/lag( ,
including sep cit sknat rof swol fssel naht 81 009 d/L 0 0d,0e)5td(a /cllila ragrbm oasefgearkptcnaaplp s
for f swol neewteb 81 009 d/L 0005( )d/lag dna 091 000 d/L 000,05( ,)d/lag dna regraletacirbaferp d
.)d/l a0g00,00 1d( /0L 090 7n3a hetr o o mfnsoeiticap ahct iswmets ytsnemtaert
1-2. Applicability
.stcejo rspkr olwiv irc oyftilibisnops egrniv ashdnamm oECCASU QlH l oasteilp plaaun asmihT
1-3. References
.xAidnep p nAdiets iel rsanoitacilb udpetal edr ndaeriuqeR
1-4. Distribution Statement
.detimil n sunioitubirts i;desael ecrilb urp odfevorppA
1-5. Laws and Regulations
a. General. ehT ,ngi s,endoitcurtsnoc dna noitarepo fo retawets atwnemtae rsteitilicaf tahtehtie r
discharge wast retawe ot ecafrus sretaw ro esu larutan smetsys sa a lasopsid dohtem era dellortnocb y
Federal , ,etats dna lacol swal dna .snoitaluger ehT lanoitaN tnatulloP egrahcsiD noitanimilEetsyS m
(NP )SED gnit tmiamrrgeopr prednu eht naelC retaW tcA )AWC( si dengised ot l orrettnaowcetsaswid -
segrahc . se rcoeattf asrweugs r rars oheleFctirsa aoiwgntmdenoeti dsnsearn hweostviwot agadllnuager ,
.8- 4e 1eM8sT-5
b. Army policy. oitce lrleotcawe tydslna pawrp eultsaapwi cl iarn nouy omcs i iioegyltsemourrpA n
and tre tnem t,asmetsys nyelhlw a,ceilmboinso acreeefhtar nah ttcurtsnoc ro etarepo ymrA retawlppus y
.) 8r-e2tp a,h1C- 0 R0sA2m(et sryestawet sdanwa
c. State regulations. elbaT 1 -sBtne seevrip san ethseirlpmo cfo y.erstotatctaasltungoec r Amus -
mary fo setats htiw snoitaluger gnidrager dnal snoitacilppa rof ecafrusbus lasopsid fo retawetsawi s
provided ni elbaT .2-B elbaT 3-B seifitnedi eht setats taht evah depolev ecdificeps ngised airetircof r
retawetsaw tnemtaert .smetsys retpahC 01 stneserp a deliated noissucsid fo elbacilppa laredeFgduls e
.3 0)5RF Cs(noitalug elRared efeFod o0,C4snoitalug elrasopsid
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d. NPDES program.
)1( The NPDES perm t isseco rd pesziiro hyt bu)na1o(i)tac(e 2Sf0o4 eht .AWC rednU ehtEDPN S
,margorp hcae rotarepo ro renwo fo a retawet stanwemtaer tytilicaf gnirised ot egrahc sriedtawetsawt o
su ecafr sretaw ,sekal( ,srevir ,skeerc ,snaeco ).cte si deriuqer ot niatbo a timrep rof hcus .ytivitca hT e
author yti ot eus ssitimrep yam e bdetagele dot set a gt,nseiv ti net,iealamrat tcrdsienincanhicmedtaagel l
requirement s. sn oy nicnagnoeeirgtAc eltaotr n Pdeem rnyeo btr nmsiea i v trSnensgEihEioDmTrPdpNa d
35 approved NPDE S setats sa f oyrauna J,1 4991 ees (elb a.T)1-B ehT AWC seod teodnu lecteartpso r
lacol seitirohtua morf gnitaglumorp erom tnegnirts sdradnats naht esoht deriuqer rednu ehtanoitan l
.sdradnats
)2( ehT SmEaDrPgNo rnpi sttnierruc gnita dsevitaitin ievitalsige lf orebmu namor fdevlov esa hmrof
kcab ot eht .s0691-dim ehT stnemdnema ot eht 279 1noitalsi gnealelC( retaW tcA fo 7791 dnaetaW r
Quality tcA fo )7891 detfihs sisahpme morf gnillortno clanoitnevnoc stnatullopDOB( and TSS) t o
5
.segrahcs icdix ogtnillortnoc
)3( NPDES pr mar gyotirohtua nac eb dedivid otni ruo f:stnemele lapicinuM dn alairtsudinmIreP t
.margo rtPimr elParen ed Gn;amargo rtPnemtaerte r;Pmargo rsPeitilic alFared e;FmargorP
)4( The authori yt ot retsinimda eht SEDPN margorp ot laredeF seitilicaf si a itammargorp c
responsib ytili s sednsg e aer s n 9hla y eSog 7thtts dtEti03cai ronaDs0shlyesatPs0itinvlsNa/dcaoaLacf d
.ytiroht umaargo rSpED PhNt isweta te shsteifitne d2 i-e Bl.b raeTtawets af)wod/l a0g00,001(
In those setats erehw eht S EgDn PiyNtttiirmorhetpu asah ton n e,edbetagel eedht ytilica flliw eriuqer a
state and a Fe . tliamr r e,ednp oe ih nttAIiWdCda () 2n(o)ibt(c3e1S3 ) tneomfer itunqa e cdriefd idanagis r
Feder la seitilicaf detcurtsnoc retfa rebmetpeS ,03 ,9791 ot etaulave evitavonni retawetsawnemtaert t
.sevitanretla ,e l,ceyscuee Rrsdenia g dto denlenreo raemn.aldtheia cvseseinrattotacv o gnnniidrocctA o
Sectio n ,313 evi tsaeviognonlionhce ttsum eb desu sselnu eht efil elcyc tsoc fo eht evitavonnietsys m
sdeecxe s arhotartsinim dAA PeE h,treve w. otHnecr e 5p y1ebvit anret leavitcef ftes otcs otmx een h fttoaht
.tnemeriuq esri hetvi a owyttiroht ueaht
e. Pretreatment program.
)1( The tnemtaerterp margorp saw depoleved ot lortnoc segrahcsid ot ylcilbuP denwOnemtaerT t
skroW la io) tts ete n WrsaveeToohahtOhthtoPtp( margo rtpnemtaerte r ep. heTgdu lesgaw eestanimatnoc
establ sehsi seitil i bf io,slna or,peesdteearFts dn a,, tylnraetcmsonu lrddennviaog eht cilbup otnemelpmi t
National Pr tnemtaerte sdradnatS ot lortnoc stnatullop hcihw ssap ,hguorht ro erefretni ,htiwnemtaert t
process se ni sWTOP ro hcihw yam etanimat neogcawes .egduls ehT snoit adleupgoelreved rednuht e
pretrea tnemt margorp ylppa ot stnatullop morf citsemod-non secruos hcihw era yltceridnidegrahcsid ,
.sWT OoPt ndiecudort neisiwreh tr,ooli arkrocu rydtbetropsnart
)2( ehT de n” i,sftaendemtaert e mrrpe“t ftonuo mea h ftnooitcud eer hstna e,mA WeC h ft3o 0t4r anPi
,stnatullop enr oufeitohtat an,r serettohnltaat un lofliootpani meihlte retawets a nwsieitrepo rtpnatull ofpo
pri ro ot gnicudortni hcus stnatullop otni a .WTOP ehT ,noitcuder ,noitanimile ro noitaretla yamb e
dehsilpmocca yb ,lac i,slyahcpimehc ro lac i,gsoelsosie bcsosrepco r,psegnahc ro rehto ,snaem tpecxea s
prohibited yb AWC ( noitce)Sd(6.304 ) . A n oediresolsmiu acntsoeidd e hsttceff ef os tcniaxtoutlloop n
.r3etpa h,C3-418 - Mn5dTinu oenf bascesseco rtpnemtae rltacigoloib
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f. Effluent limitations . ehT SEDP Nt i smtnrnoeeiputlaft fiee mrdiaelpoleve dnii fhiccaeeps-etis c
ca es ;sna o ndionti aast;r s sse yere edytfeb:n ibiotsiesslradlennapwoeroouhdhic qtittt euanmgteiumliflfe l
judgement (BP .)J nI ,la r tesn nneseouegilntfiaflteeidmii ulegra deyolpme ni sesac erehw retawtilauq y
standar sd era ton .denevartnoc hcuS snoitatimil era desab-ygolonhcet dna tneserperepip-fo-dne“ ”
technology. , re vee hwrtoeHn wr oortoa rfeop oy ttin leanimactcaa fe erystgu o etlyvaonehnaithhcceat s
eht t nfeompol eeevrheitd usqneori t.as ud ytrniaasdM nyattis ltanuequ l efmfaes ret a nwdoes asbnoitatimil
qu ytila csirhewtem adreatpc eyrdlloeenfrsoi useqtr eiadrm eiysltaiblauq-r e, ty.alswln aouistUaredi snoc h
era c in oxwe toobths senilediu gsnoitatimi ltneulff eereh wsesa cn ides us iJ P .Btnemnorivn ecitauq aeh tot
.retema rtanpatul lroapluc iret olrafbaapli atevorana
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Chapter 2
Preliminary Data Requirements
2-1. General
The goal of laredeF dna etats retaw noitullop lortnoc seitirohtua ni gnitcudnoc noitullopnemetaba t
seitivitca si ot tcetorp dna ecnahne eht yticapac fo re tsaewcruoser ot evres eht tse deilwbiss oepgnaro f
human en .sde dleatinreest eanrMip s irhettpah c sdiednet n oiytfitn ee dehsirtten deaimtseanrdoicuqer d
.seitilic atfnemtae rrtetawets aewlacs-lla m fsnogis eed h otytrassecen
2-2. Recreational Facilities
a. Definitions. l a”na oet ir u etasoslh ai hiaTmedghu rreutn eecsoaod teurmtudrhln“tcanl iroetaw r
areas dedicated ot eht tnemyojne fo eht .cilbup roF eht esoprup fo siht , llaaunnoaimtnaeemrtcaeerrt t
facilities era denifed sa yna retawetsaw tnemtaert seitilicaf rof lanoitaercer saera gnidulcnivitimirp e
campsites ; nre dsoemti septmealcpmoc htiw reliart pmu d,snoita thssul f,steliot dna ;srewohs dnaskrap ,
.c t,esnoita tgsninae lhcs i,fsnoita ttsrofm o,cskoolre v,osae rcaincip
b. Type. The ty nem tyatei rlltia cnyaotfi i tfxsa oe eeelenrhphic tmtm enoraro ceeietrtpeaa defrocer t
system. Fo r ,elpmaxe a nred oemtis psmearciuqer a erom xelpmo cngised fo eh tretawneetmstaawert t
facility th na s e t il, netaeaevintm iloi tetiisnalictpiei maamrh,ifeatwsrr ckpccrei asrn,pkcsoiaopelrraevo ,
.n wroie h ftsonoitaredisn oncgis eldaice pesv ashnoita tgsninae lhcs idf n,asnoita ttsrofmoc
c. Frequency. yc nen ehon uTio fqticoe atirs talfinirb iseutidpn via nestnahnrgtooicps mefidona y
recre lanoita tnemtaert .ytilicaf tsoM lanoitaercer tnemtaert seitilicaf era lanosaes snoitarepo na d
expe ecneir rw nte oeoat mnlgihasoaf ntt w nrc oaimewofwnnrdutoio inmsltlooiafaftcxwu atemcduilwf s
over a tdrooihr sef po.em ie t cse rneg eeirt bitaa,smri lheruelrftlonpiooptxcF mdieanansfoxeiekveew s
may requi e tyersa lr esrtnetveenov aocpeii c ho omttaniatrftac al poaueecuhetfndatrcfairotuewdblyfh d
.gnida oclinagro
d. Estimation of design parameters. n os irert ehean tTt mgfeasiiomwatsaehse rtednasepaewbsih -
tor yllaci desab no tnereffid ,sdohtem hcus sa ciffart ,tnuoc tnecrep ,ycnapucco dna daeh .tnuoc caE h
method, ho s ndo niyataa mtt rin, ome reyirsel aleav btm h heoao.ncwtc neiiietf lbiiap scpeapesl iAated d
. 3retpah Cn idetneser ps idohte mnoitamits ehca ef onoissucsid
2-3. Determination of Effluent Limitations
a. Regulations. t,ta l nttasasnr ileetopmdette eaFrmeertta w lne rag tyooiysnfgsraa eaw dmeihrTp e
dna dsnnaoitati mtinleul flfa ecol reenign engise deh t,erofere h .Tsdradnat sytilau qretaw-fo-ydob-gniviecer
must b emoce railimaf htiw lanoitan dna lacol yrotaluger stnemeriuqer gninrevog a cificeps aeraof r
.noitacilp pdan arlo/d nraetawets agwnigrahcsid
b. Monitoring requirementstnemtae rmto rsfegrahcs ird osf.tnemeriuq eyrrotalug eerta tds nlaare d eF
fa seitilic otni lanoitaercer sretaw era yllausu erom tnegnirts naht esoht rof segrahcsid morfnemtaert t
seitilicaf ,eHnpir ollahucd i ,st wesforiol sf ynlolc asutsnuemeri ugqneir r.ostr i engtonaMiwvi erc eeohrtto ,
5-day bioch lacime negyxo dnamedDOB( ,) latot dednepsus sdilos ,)SST( dna lacef .mrofiloc atoT l
5
lhadlejK negortin )NKT( dna latot suo rsonhopistoahnpimreted yam osla eb .deriuqer elbaT 3-Bmus -
.ngis esdeitilic atfnemtae rltanoitaerc e orttnenitr esptnemeriuq eerta tsseziram
2-1
