Table Of ContentTutorial Texts Series
. PracticalElectronicsforOpticalDesignandEngineering,ScottW.Teare,Vol.TT107
. AutomaticTargetRecognition,BruceJ.Schachter,Vol.TT105
. DesignTechnologyCo-optimizationintheEraofSub-resolutionICScaling,LarsW.Liebmann,Kaushik
Vaidyanathan,andLawrencePileggi,Vol.TT104
. SpecialFunctionsforOpticalScienceandEngineering,VasudevanLakshminarayananandL.Srinivasa
Varadharajan,Vol.TT103
. DiscriminationofSubsurfaceUnexplodedOrdnance,KevinA.O’Neill,Vol.TT102
. IntroductiontoMetrologyApplicationsinICManufacturing,BoSu,EricSolecky,andAlokVaid,Vol.TT101
. IntroductiontoLiquidCrystalsforOpticalDesignandEngineering,SergioRestainoandScottTeare,Vol.
TT100
. DesignandImplementationofAutostereoscopicDisplays,ByounghoLee,Soon-giPark,KeehoonHong,
andJisooHong,Vol.TT99
. OceanSensingandMonitoring:OpticsandOtherMethods,WeilinHou,Vol.TT98
. DigitalConvertersforImageSensors,KentonT.Veeder,Vol.TT97
. LaserBeamQualityMetrics,T.SeanRoss,Vol.TT96
. MilitaryDisplays:TechnologyandApplications,DanielD.Desjardins,Vol.TT95
. InterferometryforPrecisionMeasurement,PeterLangenbeck,Vol.TT94
. AberrationTheoryMadeSimple,SecondEdition,VirendraN.Mahajan,Vol.TT93
. ModelingtheImagingChainofDigitalCameras,RobertD.Fiete,Vol.TT92
. BioluminescenceandFluorescenceforInVivoImaging,LubovBrovko,Vol.TT91
. PolarizationofLightwithApplicationsinOpticalFibers,ArunKumarandAjoyGhatak,Vol.TT90
. DigitalFourierOptics:AMATLABTutorial,DavidG.Voeltz,Vol.TT89
. OpticalDesignofMicroscopes,GeorgeSeward,Vol.TT88
. AnalysisandEvaluationofSampledImagingSystems,RichardH.Vollmerhausen,DonaldA.Reago,and
RonaldDriggers,Vol.TT87
. Nanotechnology:ACrashCourse,RaúlJ.Martin-PalmaandAkhleshLakhtakia,Vol.TT86
. DirectDetectionLADARSystems,RichardRichmondandStephenCain,Vol.TT85
. OpticalDesign:ApplyingtheFundamentals,MaxJ.Riedl,Vol.TT84
. InfraredOpticsandZoomLenses,SecondEdition,AllenMann,Vol.TT83
. OpticalEngineeringFundamentals,SecondEdition,BruceH.Walker,Vol.TT82
. FundamentalsofPolarimetricRemoteSensing,JohnSchott,Vol.TT81
. TheDesignofPlasticOpticalSystems,MichaelP.Schaub,Vol.TT80
. FundamentalsofPhotonics,ChandraRoychoudhuri,Vol.TT79
. RadiationThermometry:FundamentalsandApplicationsinthePetrochemicalIndustry,PeterSaunders,
Vol.TT78
. MatrixMethodsforOpticalLayout,GerhardKloos,Vol.TT77
. FundamentalsofInfraredDetectorMaterials,MichaelA.Kinch,Vol.TT76
. Practical Applications of Infrared Thermal Sensing and Imaging Equipment, Third Edition, Herbert
Kaplan,Vol.TT75
. BioluminescenceforFoodandEnvironmentalMicrobiologicalSafety,LubovBrovko,Vol.TT74
. IntroductiontoImageStabilization,ScottW.TeareandSergioR.Restaino,Vol.TT73
. Logic-basedNonlinearImageProcessing,StephenMarshall,Vol.TT72
. ThePhysicsandEngineeringofSolidStateLasers,YehoshuaKalisky,Vol.TT71
. ThermalInfraredCharacterizationofGroundTargetsandBackgrounds,SecondEdition,PieterA.Jacobs,
Vol.TT70
. IntroductiontoConfocalFluorescenceMicroscopy,MichielMüller,Vol.TT69
. ArtificialNeuralNetworks:AnIntroduction,KevinL.PriddyandPaulE.Keller,Vol.TT68
. BasicsofCodeDivisionMultipleAccess(CDMA),RaghuveerRaoandSohailDianat,Vol.TT67
. OpticalImaginginProjectionMicrolithography,AlfredKwok-KitWong,Vol.TT66
. MetricsforHigh-QualitySpecularSurfaces,LionelR.Baker,Vol.TT65
. FieldMathematicsforElectromagnetics,Photonics,andMaterialsScience,BernardMaxum,Vol.TT64
. High-FidelityMedicalImagingDisplays,AldoBadano,MichaelJ.Flynn,andJerzyKanicki,Vol.TT63
(ForacompletelistofTutorialTexts,seehttp://spie.org/publications/books/tutorial-texts.)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bhattacharya, Shanti (Professor in Optics), author. | Vijayakumar, Anand,
author.
Title: Design and fabrication of diffractive optical elements with MATLAB /
Shanti Bhattacharya and Anand Vijayakumar.
Other titles: Tutorial texts in optical engineering ; v. TT 109.
Description: Bellingham, Washington : SPIE Press, [2017] | Series: Tutorial texts in
opticalengineering;volumeTT109|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016043114 | ISBN 9781510607057 (softcover ; alk. paper) |
ISBN 1510607056 (softcover ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9781510607064 (pdf) | ISBN
1510607064 (pdf) | ISBN 9781510607071 (epub) | ISBN 1510607072 (epub) | ISBN
9781510607088 (Kindle/mobi) | ISBN 1510607080 (Kindle/mobi)
Subjects: LCSH: Diffraction–Mathematics. | Optics–Mathematics. | MATLAB.
Classification: LCC QC415 .B48 2017 |DDC 535/.420284–dc23 LCrecordavailable
at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043114
Published by
SPIE
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Web: http://spie.org
Copyright © 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.
Thecontentofthisbookreflectstheworkandthoughtoftheauthors.Everyefforthas
beenmadetopublishreliableandaccurateinformationherein,butthepublisherisnot
responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from
reliance thereon.
Printed in the United States of America.
First Printing.
For updates to this book, visit http://spie.org and type “TT109” in the search field.
To the Lord God Almighty—for being my strength
To my beloved mother Jacintha—for showing me the meaning of love and
sacrifice
To my dearest wife and best friend Arthi—for loving me unconditionally
To all of my teachers—for guiding me through various journeys in my life
–Vijay
To my husband, Subbu:
Note: An empty day with clan is better handled with you! (2, 4, 6)
–Shanti
Introduction to the Series
Since its inception in 1989, the Tutorial Texts (TT) series has grown to cover
many diverse fields of science and engineering. The initial idea for the series
was to make material presented in SPIE short courses available to those who
could not attend and to provide a reference text for those who could. Thus,
manyofthetextsinthisseriesaregeneratedbyaugmentingcoursenoteswith
descriptive text that further illuminates the subject. In this way, the TT
becomes an excellent stand-alone reference that finds a much wider audience
than only short course attendees.
Tutorial Texts have grown in popularity and in the scope of material
covered since 1989. They no longer necessarily stem from short courses;
rather,theyareoftengeneratedindependentlybyexpertsinthefield.Theyare
popular because they provide a ready reference to those wishing to learn
about emerging technologies or the latest information within their field. The
topicswithintheserieshavegrownfromtheinitialareasofgeometricaloptics,
optical detectors, and image processing to include the emerging fields of
nanotechnology, biomedical optics, fiber optics, and laser technologies.
Authors contributing to the TT series are instructed to provide introductory
material so that those new to the field may usethe book as a starting point to
get a basic grasp of the material. It is hoped that some readers may develop
sufficient interest to take a short course by the author or pursue further
research in more advanced books to delve deeper into the subject.
The books in this series are distinguished from other technical
monographs and textbooks in the way in which the material is presented.
In keeping with the tutorial nature of the series, there is an emphasis on the
use of graphical and illustrative material to better elucidate basic and
advanced concepts. There is also heavy use of tabular reference data and
numerous examples to further explain the concepts presented. The publishing
time for the books is kept to a minimum so that the books will be as timely
and up-to-date as possible. Furthermore, these introductory books are
competitivelypricedcomparedtomoretraditionalbooksonthesamesubject.
When a proposal for a text is received, each proposal is evaluated to
determine the relevance of the proposed topic. This initial reviewing process
hasbeenveryhelpfultoauthorsinidentifying,earlyinthewritingprocess,the
needforadditionalmaterialorotherchangesinapproachthatwouldserveto
strengthen the text. Once a manuscript is completed, it is peer reviewed to
ensure that chapters communicate accurately the essential ingredients of the
science and technologies under discussion.
Itismygoaltomaintainthestyleandqualityofbooksintheseriesandto
further expand the topic areas to include new emerging fields as they become
of interest to our reading audience.
James A. Harrington
Rutgers University
vii
Contents
Foreword by R. S. Sirohi xiii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Symbols and Notation xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Fundamentals of Diffractive Optics 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 Refractive and diffractive optics 2
1.1.3 Scalar diffraction formulation 9
1.2 Software for Designing Diffractive Optics 12
1.3 Concluding Remarks 13
References 14
2 Design of Diffractive Optical Elements 19
2.1 Design of Simple Diffractive Optical Elements 19
2.1.1 Design and analysis of 1D gratings 19
2.1.2 Design of 1D gratings with MATLAB® 24
2.1.2.1 Design of 1D amplitude gratings with MATLAB 25
2.1.2.2 Design of 1D phase gratings with MATLAB 29
2.1.2.3 Design of 1D amplitude and phase sinusoidal
gratings with MATLAB 31
2.1.3 Design of 2D gratings 32
2.1.4 Binary circular gratings 37
2.1.5 Fresnel zone plates 37
2.2 Conclusions 41
2.3 Exercises 42
References 42
3 Design and Analysis of Advanced Diffractive Optical Elements 45
3.1 Design of Multilevel and Grayscale DOEs 45
3.1.1 Design procedure for multilevel and grayscale gratings 45
3.1.1.1 Design of a 4-level 1D phase grating with
MATLAB 46
ix
