Table Of ContentPROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
100(3). 1998. pp. 431-438
DESCRIPTION OF IMMATURE STAGES OF TRUPANEA CONJUNCTA
(ADAMS) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Jeffrey A. Teerink and Richard D. Goeden
Department of Entomology, Univer.sity of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A. (e-
mail: [email protected]).
—
Abstract. The pre-imaginal stages of Trupanea conjimcta (Adams) are described. Tru-
paneo conjimcta is a narrowly oligophagous, univoltine, nonfrugivorous tephritid in south-
em California. The third instar larva differs from previously studied Tephritidae, including
six congeneric species, in that the integument is finely punctate posterior ofthe prothorax
and the median oral lobe bears lateral projections. The metathoracic lateral spiracular
complex consists ofa single spiracle unaccompanied by any sensilla; the abdominal lateral
spiracular complex consists of a spiracle and two verruciform sensilla. Thus, the lateral
spiracular complex is the only morphological feature observed to differ among third in-
stars of all seven species of Trupanea studied to date. The first and second instars of T.
conjimcta differ from the third instar in that the integument is smooth, without punctua-
tion.
Key Words: Insecta, Trupanea. Asteraceae, nonfrugivorous Tephritidae, taxonomy of
immature stages, egg, larva, puparium
The life history of Trupanea conjimcta tioned vehicle to the laboratory and stored
(Adams) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was de- under refrigeration for subsequent dissec-
scribed by Goeden (1987) before adoption tion, photography, description, and mea-
of our current format incorporating descrip- surement. Twenty-two eggs, 23 first-, 14
tions ofthe immature stages. To correct this second-, and nine third-instar larvae, and
deficiency and allow full comparison ofthe nine puparia dissected from flower heads
31 species of southern California nonfru- were preserved in 70% EtOH for scanning
givorous fruit flies for which both life his- electron microscopy (SEM). Additional pu-
tories and descriptions of the immature paria were placed in separate, glass shell
stages now have been published, this paper vials stoppered with absorbant cotton and
describes the immature stages of T. con- held in humidity chambers at room temper-
ature for adult and parasitoid emergence.
jimcta.
Specimens for SEM were hydrated to dis-
Materials and Methods tilled water in a decreasing series of acid-
ulated EtOH. They were osmicated for 24h,
One-liter samples of excised, immature dehydrated through an increasing series of
and mature flower heads from the known acidulated EtOH and two, 1-h immersions
hosts of T. conjimcta, Tri.xis californica in Hexamethlydisilazane (HMDS), mount-
Kellogg and Perezia microcephala (de Can- ed on stubs, sputter-coated with a gold-pal-
dolle) Gray (Asteraceae), potentially con- ladium alloy, and studied with a JEOL JSM
taining eggs, larvae, and puparia were C-35 SEM in the Department of Nematol-
transported in cold-chests in an air-condi- ogy. University of California, Riverside.
432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
has a short pedicel with a single row of
aeropyles (Fig. IB).
Third instar lan'ci: White, barrel-shaped,
tapering anteriorly, rounded posteriorly;
minute acanthae circumscribe thoracic and
abdominal intersegmental lines (Fig. 2A);
segments TIl-AVIII finely punctate (Fig.
2A, E); gnathocephalon smooth, conical
(Fig. 2B), rugose pads dorsal and lateral to
mouth lumen (Fig. 2B-1); dorsal sensory
organ a single dome-shaped papilla (Fig.
2B-2, C-1); subdorsal sensilla laterad of
dorsal sensory organ (Fig. 2B-3); anterior
sensory lobe (Fig. 2B-4) bears terminal sen-
sory organ (Fig. 2C-2), pit sensory organ
(Fig. 2C-3), lateral sensory organ (Fig. 2C-
4), and supralateral sensory organ (Fig. 2C-
5); stomal sense organ ventrolaterad of an-
terior sensory lobe (Fig. 2C-6); mouth
hooks tridentate (Fig. 2D-1); median oral
lobe tapered anteriorly with lateral projec-
tion (Fig. 2D-2); labial lobe and median
oral lobe attached, two pore sensilla in lat-
Fig. L Egg ot lrii!>cinea cunjumlu: (A) habitus
pedicel to left; (B) egg pedicel. eral lobe (Fig. 2D-3); six pit sensilla cir-
cumscribe gnathocephalon posterior to ru-
gose pads; prothorax circumscribed anteri-
Plant names used in this paper follow orly by minute acanthae (Fig. 2E-1), rugose
Munz (1974), as updated by Hickman pads (Fig. 2E-2) and two rows of verruci-
(1993) and Bremer (1994); tephritid names form sensilla (Fig. 2E-3); anterior thoracic
follow Foote et al. (1993). Terminology and spiracles on posterior margin of prothorax
telegraphic format used to describe the im- bear five ovoid papillae (Fig. 2E-4); meta-
mature stages follow Knio et al. (1996), thoracic lateral spiracular complex consists
Goeden and Teerink (1997a, b, 1998; Goe- of an open spiracle; abdominal lateral spi-
den et al. 1998), and our earlier works cited racular complex consists of a spiracle (Fig.
therein. Means ± SE are used throughout 2F-1), and two verruciform sensilla (Fig.
this paper. Voucher specimens of T. con- 2F-2); caudal segment circumscribed by
jiincta eggs, larvae and puparia are stored minute acanthae (Fig. 2G-1), and stelex
in a collection of immature Tephritidae sensilla in a 2- dorsal, 4- ventral arrange-
maintained by JAT. ment (Fig. 2G-2); posterior spiracular plate
mm
bears three ovoid rimae, ca. 0.04 in
Results
length (Fig. 2G-3), and four interspiracular
—
Immature stages. The eggs and pupar- processes each with 6-8 branches, longest
mm
ium of T. conjimcta were described and measuring 0.015 (Fig. 2G-4); inter-
photographs of these stages and larvae pro- mediate sensory complex ventrad of pos-
vided by Goeden (1987), but detailed de- terior spiracular plates consists of a medu-
scriptions, especially of larvae based on soid sensillum (Fig. 2H-1), and a stelex sen-
scanning electron microscopy heretofore sillum (Fig. 2H-2).
have not been published. Second instar larva: White, elongate-cy-
Egg: The egg (Fig. lA) of T. coujiincta lindrical, tapering slightly anteriorly, round-
VOLUME 100, NUMBER 3 433
ed posteriorly; minute acanthae circum- scribe intersegmental lines, integument
scribe meso-, metathoracic and abdominal finely punctate (Fig. 5A), anterior end bears
intersegmental lines (Fig. 3A); gnathoce- the invagination scar (Fig. 5B-1) and ante-
phalon conical (Fig. 3B), rugose pads dor- rior thoracic spiracle (Fig. 5B-2); caudal
sal and lateral to mouth lumen (Fig. 3B-1 ); segment circumscribed by minute acanthae;
dorsal sensory organ a single dome-shaped posterior spiracular plate bears three ovoid
papilla (Fig. 3B-2, C-1); subdorsal sensil- rimae (Fig. 5C-1), and four interspiracular
lum laterad of dorsal sensory organ (Fig. processes (Fig. 5C-2); intermediate sensory
3C-2); anterior sensory organ bears all four complex ventrad of posterior spiracular
sensory organs 3C-3); stomal sense organ plates (Fig. 5C-3).
ventrolaterad of anterior sensory lobe (Fig.
Discussion
3B-3, C-4); mouth hooks bidentate (Fig.
3B-4); median oral lobe tapered anteriorly; The egg (Fig. 1A) of T. conjuncta has an
prothorax with minute acanthae ventrally; elongate-ellipsoidal shape and short pedicel
anterior thoracic spiracle consists of 5 pa- with a single row of aeropyles (Fig. IB)
pillae (Fig. 3D); lateral spiracular complex like all other congeners studied (Goeden
not seen; caudal segment circumscribed by 1987, 1988; Headrick and Goeden 1991;
minute acanthae and stelex sensilla; poste- Goeden and Teerink 1997b, 1998; Goeden
rior spiracular plate bears three ovoid ri- et al. 1998), except for T. bisetosa (Co-
mae, 0.017 mm in length (Fig. 3E-1), and quillett), which has two rows of aeropyles
four interspiracular processes, each with 3- (Knio et al. 1996).
mm
5 branches, longest measuring 0.012 The third instar of Trupaneo conjuncta is
(Fig. 3E-2), intermediate sensory complex unique among Trupanea species previously
consists of a medusoid sensillum (Fig. 3F- studied in that the integument is finely
1) and stelex sensillum (Fig. 3F-2). punctate in the segments posterior of the
First instar larva: White, elongate-cylin- prothorax 2A, E, F) (Headrick and Goeden
drical, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, 1991; Knio et al. 1996; Goeden and Teerink
minute acanthae circumscribe intersegmen- 1997b, 1998 Goeden et al. 1998). Several
tal lines (Fig. 4A); gnathocephalon smooth, Tephritid species are shagreened, with
lacking rugose pads (Fig. 4B); dorsal sen- evenly distributed, smooth dome-shaped
sory organ a single dome-shaped papilla verrucae covering the integument, for ex-
(Fig. 4B-1); anterior sensory lobe bears all ample, Tomoplagia cressoni Aczel, Valen-
four sensory organs (Fig. 4B-2); stomal tibidla califomica (Coquillett) and Xeno-
sense organs indistinct; mouth hooks biden- chaeta dichromata Snow (Goeden and
tate (Fig. 4B-3); median oral lobe laterally Headrick 1991, Goeden et al. 1995, Goeden
flattened; minute acanthae on ventral mar- and Teerink 1997a); however, a punctate in-
gin of prothorax (Fig. 4B-4); anterior tho- tegument was not seen in any tephritid pre-
racic spiracle not present; abdominal lateral viously studied by us (Headrick and Goe-
spiracular complex consists of a spiracle den 1990, 1991; Goeden et al. 1995, 1998;
and two verruciform sensilla; caudal seg- Goeden and Teerink 1997a, b, 1998; Head-
ment circumscribed by stelex sensilla (Fig. rick et al. 1997; Knio et al. 1996, and our
4C-1); posterior spiracular plate bears two earlier works cited therein).
mm
ovoid rimae, ca. 0.006 in length (Fig. The median oral lobe, by bearing a pair
4C-2), and four interspiracular processes, of lateral projections (Fig. 2D-2), also dif-
mm
longest measuring 0.006 (Fig. 4C-3); fers any tephritid previously studied by us
intermediate sensory complex consists of a (Headrick and Goeden 1990, 1991; Goeden
medusoid sensillum (Fig. 4C-4), and a ste- et al. 1995 1998; Goeden and Teerink
lex sensillum (Fig. 4C-5). 1997a, b, 1998; Headrick et al. 1997; Knio
Puparium: Minute acanthae circum- et al. 1996, and our earlier works cited
434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1
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VOLUME 100, NUMBER 3 435
436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
M
lig. 4. First inslar of Tiupanea conjuncla: (A)
habitus, anteri—or end to left; (B) gnatho—cephalon. an-
terior view, —I dorsal .sensory—organ, 2 anterior sen-
sory lobe, 3 mou—th hook, 4 minute—acanthae;—(C)
caudal segment, 1 stel—ex sensillum, 2 rima, 3 in-
terspiracular process, 4 intermediate sensory com-
—
plex, medusoid sensillum, 5 intermediate sensory
complex, stelex sensillum.
therein). The median oral lobe in Aciurina
trixa Curran and Paracantha gentilis Her-
ing is lobed along the ventral margin, but
not laterally as in T. coiijuncta (Headrick
and Goeden 1990 Headrick et al. 1997).
VOLUME 100, NUMBER 3 437
fer among third instars of all seven species greatly reduced as in T.Jonesi (Goeden and
of Trupcinea studied to date (Headrick and Teerink 1998a).
Goeden 1991; Knio et al. 1996; Goeden and The puparia of T. conjuncta are larger
Teerink 1997b, 1998; Goeden et al. 1998). than those of T. californica, T. imperfecta
Otherwise, T. conjiincta is similar to the (Coquillett), T.jonesi. T. nigricornis, and T.
other Trupauea species in general habitus pseudovicina and smaller than those of T.
and sensory structures; however, there are bisetosa and T. signata (Goeden 1987,
other slight similarities and differences be- 1988; Headrick and Goeden 1991; Knio et
tween this and certain other Triipcmea spe- al. 1996; Goeden and Teerink 1997b, 1998;
cies. For example, the rugose pads on the Goeden et al. 1998).
gnathocephalon of T. conjuncta are not ser-
Acknowledgments
rated, like those of T. hisetosa (Knio et al.
1996). A subdorsal sensillum is present, as We are grateful to F. L. Blanc and D. H.
noted with T. bisetosa, T. jonesi Curran and Headrick for their helpful comments on ear-
T. pseiidoviciim Hering (Knio et al. 1996, lier drafts of this paper
Goeden and Teerink 1998, Goeden et al.
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