Descartes’ Philosophy Interpreted According to the Order of Reasons. Vol. 1, The Soul and God

349 Pages·1984·7.06 MB·English

by  Martial Gueroult

MARTIAL GUEROULT
Descartes' Philosophy
InterprAectceodr ditnog
theO rdeorf R easons
Volume I
TheS oul
andG od
Translated by
RogerA riew
Witthh Aes sistoafnc e
RoberAtr ieawn dA laDno nagan
UniverosfMi itnyn ePsroetMsais n,n eapolis
Thiwso kr wsaus ptpeobdry a g rant
formt hTera nastolinPsro graomft he
NatailoE nndowmenfto trh Heu manities,
ani ndepefndedeaerlna tg ecyn.
Engltiarsnhs la© t1i9o8bn4yR ogAerire (wb aosne2 dne dd .).
Origipnuabllliyas sh ed
DescarsteelsIo n'r odrdee sra isovnosl,.l 'timIee, tD ieu,
1tse dC.op yri©g 1h59t2b yE ditnisMo ontaigne.
2nd edC.o pyri©g 1h69t8 b yE ditiMoonntsa igne.
Alrli grhsetesr ved.
Pubhleidbs yt hUen viersoifMt iyn nesPorteas s,
2073 UnviersAivteyn Su�uet heMaisnntae,p olMiNs 5,5 144
Prniteidnt hUen iteSdat teosfA meirca.
LibraorfCy o ngrCeastsa loing iPnugb licaDtaitoan
GueroMualrtt,i al.
Descaprhteislh'oy si onpterparcectoerdtd oit nhge
ordoefrr a esons.
TransloaftD:ie osnc asretleIos'n or red dersa oinss.
Contenvt.Is .T: h es oualn dG od.
I.D escsa,Rr teen,e1 9561-5601..T it.l e
BI875.1G38 813 9149 832-1771
ISB0N- 1866-2155-2
ISB0N- 1866-1256('{)p bk.)
TheU nviersoifMt iynn esota
isa ne qual-opportunity
educaatnoder m ployer.
v.t
Contenotfs
Vo lmuesI andI I
IntrodubcyRt oigeornA riew
Preface
VolumIe TheS oula ndG od (ThFei rFsitv Mee ditations)
I. CartesiMaent aphysaincsdt heO rdero fR easons
II.D oubta ndt heE viGle nius
Ill.T heC ogitoK:n owledgoef M y Existenacned K nowledgoef M y
Nature
.-IV. TheC ogitPor:i oriotfKy n owledogfeS oulo verK nowledogfeB ody
V. TheF irsPtr oooff G od's Exisbtye Enfcfee cts
VI. TheS econPdr ooof fG od'Esx istenbcye E ffects
VII.O f theT ruea ndo ft heF alse
VIII.E ssenc(eosfM ateriTahli ngasn do fG od)
Notes
VolumIeI T heS oula nd Btohdey( ThSexi thM editation)
IX. Concernitnhge E xistencMea toeafrl iT hingTsh.e N exus
ratioofnMu emd itVIa tion
X. TheR ealmo ft heU nderstandTihnegP :o ssibiolfit thye E xistence
ofM ateriTahli ngsT.h eG eneraTlh eoroyf P ossibility
Xl. TheR ealmo ft heI maginatiTohne:P robabiloiftt yh eE xistence
'
ofM ateriTahli ngs
XII.T heR ealmo ft heS enseTsh:e C ertainotfty h eE xistenocfe
MateriTahli ngs
XIII.P roofo ft heR ealD istinction bSeotuwlae nednB ody
XIV. Proofo ft heE xistenocfeM ateriTahli ngs
XV. Proofo ft heU niono fS oula ndB ody
XVI. Of theT ruea ndo ft heF alsien t heR ealmo ft heS enses, First
ProblemF:o rmalE rroorf J udgment-ThAen alysoifst he
Concepotf N ature
XVII.O f theT ruea ndo ft heF alsien t heR ealmo ft heS enses,
SecondP roblemT:h eI ntrinFsailcs iotfyt heS enses-Internal
Conditionoifnt gh eP sychophysical SuTbhsetU annicoeno; f t he
Soulw ithE verPya rto ft heB ody
XVIII.O f theT ruea ndo ft heF alsien t heR ealmo ft heS enseIsn;t ernal
Conditionoifnt gh eP sychophysSiucbaslt ance-MoPraer-ticular
Uniono ft heS oulw itha Parto ft heB ody
XIX. SomeC onsequenCcoensc erniMnegd icianen dM oralitMye:d icine
andM oraliatsyT echniquoefst heG ood fort heP reseLnitf e
XX. SomeC onsequenCcoensc erniMnegd icinaen dM oralitTyh:r ee
Ideaosf M edicinaen dM orality
XXI. Conclusions
Notes
Appendixes
Index
Contents
Volmue I
TheS oula ndG od
(TheF itr FsvieM editiaotn)s
Acknowledgments xi
IntrodubcytR ioogneA rr iew xiii
Preface xvii
ChaptIe.Cr a rtesian Meatnadtp hhOeyr sdieocrfsR easons 3
I.T heU nitoyft hSeys teamn d Itnhdei vliistiyTb riuotfh
2.R atioOnrdaelar n dO rdeorfT opiRcast:ia loO nrdearsG eenratoofr
thSey staenmda sR ulfeo Irtn repreIttin g
3.A nalyOtridcae rn d tShyenOtridce r
4.T heO rdeorft hMee ditations
ChaptIeIDr.o ubatn dt hEev iGle nius 13
I.T heP onito fV eiw tohfRe u leasn d Ptoihneot fV eiwo ft he
Meditations
2.C haractoefrM iestthilocodsgo iDcoabult
3.T heF irSstta ogfeM ethogdioclDaoolu bitnM editaIt ion
4. TSheec oSntda ogfeM ethoodgoilcDaolu bitnM editaIt ion
5. VariKoiunsdo fsH ypelribDcoo utbs
6.T heP robloeftm h Eev iGle nius
ChapItIeTIrh. e C ogitKon:o wlgeeo dfM yE xistaennKdcn eo wlgee d
ofM y Nature 27
---
� I.T heT rutohft hCeo giatnodM athaetmiTcrault h
2.T heO rdearnd N ecesPsoatsriiyno gft hEex tiesnocfet hSee lafn dI ts
Nature
'OiIIIiIii!3 . TChogei tIos NtohFte i rGsitv eonfa nI ntsrpoecPtsyicvheo lbougty ,
thNee cessary aT Srceuintcohef P uorfUe nd erstanding
4.T heN atuorfte h See fla sT hoguhtt;hN ea tuorfte h See fla sP ure
IntelltihgPeeo nsbcsieil;ai ntdLy e gitiomfTa hciys TwKonfoolwledd ge
Accordtiotn hgOe r der
5.R efleocntt ihoCeno nditoifto hnCeso giatsFo i rTsrtu tDhe;d uctoifo n
thNeo tionRse aaolnf dM odaDli sttiinoTcnh;e yo orfM odes
6.I ntellaisEg sesneconefcS eu btsancIen;t ellaisMg oednect;eh T ew o
Quids
7. TheP rocoefsI sn teDrenmaoln stroaftt hiVeoa inro uNso tioofn s
Distinction
8.C odnitiooftn hsSe u bjecVtailviedo ift thyKe n olwedogfet hNea ture
oft hSee lf
9.C onditoifto hnOesb jecVtailviedo iftt hySe e lf. Objecotfi ve Validity
thKen woledogfte h Eex istoefMn ycS ee ltfh;Me e reSluyb jective
Validoiftt hyKe n olwedogfet hNea tuorfte h See laftt hLee voeflt he
Cogito
10.T heA bsolIudntetei otfCy o nscioaunsdon fet shCse o nsciouosfn ess
Concsiousinnte hsCeso gi.T thoeC ogtioa,n I ndiviIstniubiltoeifa o n
SinguTlhauorg ht
I.I Applicaitnti hoPenr sipn lce,iws itrhe spteotc htDe e termionfa tion
PartiScuublsatrsa ,on fct ehReu leosfR eaaln dM odaDli stinctions
DeducienMd e dital/t;iP oanr tiMcautlearrSi uabls taanncdPe asr ticular
SpiriStuubaslt ances
ChaptIeVr.T heC ogitPor:i oroifKt nyo wlgeeo dfS ouolv er
Knowlgeeo dfB ody 75
I.I mmediEavtied eonfTc hei Psr ioirniV tiyr toufte h Oer deVre.r itfiiocna
byt hAen alyosfti hsPe i eocfeW ax
2.D ifferAesnpte ocftT sh iPsr iority
3.P roblems byRt ahiAesn eadl yosfti hsPe i eocfeW ax
4.T wo MoodfeS se gregFatoiroens;h adooftw hiDeno cgt rionfe
CompiotsSeu bstance
5.C ontaenndtC ontaoifne eorn scsinoeuTshse:P robloeftm h Per inciple
ofE valuaotfCi ootnne nts
ChaptVe.rT heF irPsrto ooffG odsE' xsitenbcyEe ff ects 103
I.T heP recarioofut shnAeec stsuI anlv estiogfta htCeio oignt Toh:e
Necesfsoiart N yew ThreeIfnovleds tigation
2.P relimiRneavriioeefwTs h.o ugahntdIs t Rsol eT.h eT wofoIltnde ntion
PresiodvieTnrhg i Csl assifEilciamtiinooanftJ. iu odng meOnrtd.eo rf
Problems
3.R evioefwI deaansdI tRso lPer.o bloeftm h Oer igainndP robloefm
thOeb jecVtailviedo ifIt dayes C.o nfusoifTo hne Tsweo P roblbeym s
CommoSne nsRee.f utaotfCi oomnm oSne nse
4.T heL inkaogfte h Tew oP roblemRse psweictttoht hIed eoafG od
5.C oncluosfti hoPenr eliminaries
6.T heM aiPno inotf t hIen vestigatoifto hnOe.b jPercVotaoilfvi edo ift y
IdeaansdP roooffG od'Esx istIetnnecres:e ocftt ihToewn o D esigns
7.G odi,n staarrc hetypi
8.T heA xioTmh:eE ffecRte sembtlhCeeas u se
9.G odE,f ficCiaeunste
10. TheP rincoifCp alues aalsIi stntyr umoefn tP roof
I.I TheP rincoifCp alues aalnidtt hyPe r incoiftp hlCeeo nofrmiotfty h e
Idewai tWhh aIts I deated
12.Re concibleitawtetiehoCneno necpotf G oda sC ausaen dt hCeo cnept
ofG oda sA rchetype
13.T heR oleo ft hNeo tioofPn e rfection
14.T heP erfecotfOi bojne cRteiavleai s"t Fya lflr"ot mh Pee rfecotfi on
FormRaela lity
15.A mbiguoiftt hyCe a rteCsoinacneo pfIt da e;I demaa-gI(eP sychologism)
andE sse(nMcaet hematism)
16.S ensaatnidRo enrp ensteatCihvaer acOtbejre;cR teailvieot fSy e nsation;
Minimaunmd M aximuOmb jecRteiavleCi otryr;e lativeo fV ariation
ObjecVtailvied ity
17.T heO rdeorfR easofrnostm h Ceo gittoGo o dT.h eP roebmlo f
EvaluaJtuidvgem ents toRt ehlQeau tainvteiP teyr foefoc ftO ibojne ctive
Realities
18.Su bstitouftt hiIeod ne oaft hPee rffeoctrth Ceo giatsto h Dei rective
PrincTihpeOl rei.g iInnatlu ition
19.S ubstitouftG ioodfn o trh Ceo gitaosF irPsrti nciple
20.P riroiotyfK nowleodfGg oed o veKrn olwedogfeS oulP;a rawliltehl
thPer ioorfiK tnywo ledogfSe o ulo veKrno wledogfBe o dy
21.Th eD ioscsaitioofnC osnciousFnomer sasn;dC ontte;Cn ogitthoe,
PrinciopfFl orem G; od,t hPer ciinpolfCe o tnenTth.eP robleomft he
Reconactiibloeint wteehTnew oP rinecsiN.ep xlursa tionum
22.N exursa tioonruVm ci ioCuisr cDlief?f eHrypeontt heCsoensc ertnhien g
Solutiooftn h "eC cilre"
23.A FundameRnetaaslfo ontr h Dei ffiocfut lhtCeyi rcle
ChaptVeIr.T heS ecoPnrdo ooffG od's ExbiysE tfefneccet s1 75
I.A nalyasnidsD iscusosfit ohneP roof
I.T heF untcioonfts h Dei ffePrreonotTf hseO. r edra ndt hSee cond
ProboyfE ffects
2. TSheec oPnrdo boyfE ffects
3. TFhierP satro tft hPer oofF:i rHsytp othesis
4.T heF irPsatro tft hPer ooSfe:c oHnypdo thesis
5.T heS ecoPnadro tft hPero oft,h Per obloeftm h per ogreisns us
infinitum
6.C onsequoeftn hcPeer soo fI:) D efinPiortoiofvf et hIen antenoefts hse
Idae ofG od2;)A pplicaobfti hlAeix tiyo tmh,Ee f feRcets embtlhees
Cause
7.T hea priEolreim eonftt hsPe r oof
8.T hea posteriori tChhPear rooafCc.ot fneorr mowifit tyth h Oer deorf
Reasons
II.T heD iscontionfTu iimtey
9.C ontinCuroeuasta inodTn e mpaolDr iscontCirniutiiotqfytu .hee
ClacsasTlhi esbiysL aporte
1.0 MetaphyasnidTc emaploa rlD iscontiTnhuePi oitnyot.fV eiwo f
CreatAicvteia onnd Ptoihneo tfV eiwo ft hCer eaTtheidn g
I.I PhysaincdTs e mpoDriaslc ontAibnsutirPtaoynci.tto fV ie(wC ontinuity)
andC oncrPeoitneot f V eiw( DiscontiTnhueUi nitoyon)f t. h Tew o
PoinotfVs ei wT.w oC onatrrAys peocftE sl emenMtoavreynm teN:u ll
Speeadn dI fninSipetee.d P reeminoeftn hcCeeo ncrPeontiteo fV eiw
12.Th eR eaDlic sontionfuC iatryt eTsiimaen
ChaptVeIrIO .f t hTer uaen do ft hFea lse 203
I.T heP laocfet hPer obloefEm r rionrt he Order
2.T heP rriiootfyt hPer obloeftm h Ietn rinTsriucto hfI de"a s
(UndsetrandoivneTgrh) a otf F omralE rr(oWri ltlh)Pe;r olbemosft he
Foundoanto ifT ruth aLnmidi totsfhI en telligence
3.T heC ofnlibcett wetehPner incoifUp nliev erVsearla caintdty h e
Exceipotinn F acCto ntsitubtyEe rdr oTrh:eR ecogintiooftn h e Fact
ofE rraosra NecesCsoanrdyi ftoitroh nPe o sbsiiloifta yH uman
Science
4.T heI tnerseocftt ihPoes ncy hooglicParlo bloeftm h Peo sbsiiloift y
Errionrt hHeu manS oula ndo ft hPer boleomfa T heiocdRye lative
tot hPer eseonfHc uem anE rrionrt hWeo rko fG od
5.G enaelMr eatphysSiolcuatli Coonn.f lbiecttw eTehniS sol utiaondn
HumanP sycholRoegailciatli es
6.A nA ttemaptat M etaphySsouiltocinaG;lo ds'I cnomprehenasnidb ility
PerfecDtiifofneK;rin ednostf P oisbslSeol utitohnIesn ;sf uifcioefn cy
thMee taphySsouiltciaoln
7. Iqnuyi ornt hPes ychologiScmiaull ntePaolSuasnol eu;t iooftn h e
Metaphysicala n(dPT shyecohdoilPcoryog)bil ceamls
8.N ewF inRaelc outrots heTe h eodicy
9. Resuolftt shI etn erseScoltuitnigo ns
1.0 TheO rdeCros ntraMiendsit aItVit ooTn reOantl ay P ortiooftn h e
ProbleomfE rror
II.R emaroknts h Ien fionfiH tumya nW ill
1.2 A eRmaroknt hFei nitoefnH eumsasnU nderstanding
ChaptVeIrI EIs.s en(coeMfsa terTihailn agnsd o fG od) 237
I. TheP laocfet hPer boleomfE ssenicnte hsOe r der
2.P rooofft hOeb jecVtailvieod fit thyTe r utDhesr ifvreodm
MathemaEtsisceanlc es
3.P rooofft hOeb jecVtailvieod fit thyTe r utDhesr ifvreodGm o ds '
EssceenV:a lidaotfti hoaen p riPorroioo ffG ods'E xistence
(OntoloPgroiofc)a l
4. The Polfat cheae p riPorroiio nft hOer detrh;Se mi ultoaunse
Valiidoaontf M athemaDteimcoanls traantdi oOtnnhste o loPgriocoafl
5.T heP riiotoryft hPer oboyfE feftcst,h e aOnndOe n lPyr ofooftr h e
ExistoefnG coed
6.D iusscsiooftn h Eev entSueallf -Suffoiftc hiaeep nrciyo ri Proof
7. Prooofft hNee cessSj.labroirldyi Cnhaatrea ocftt ehraep riori Proof
byM enaso ft hOer der
8.R educttoia o Unni toyft hAes peCcatlsl Aenda lcya tnidS ytnheitni c
thae p riPorroio f
9.C onsicsyot fte hnPer ofo:I sI ta Reasnogno ir Aaxni ?o m
10.T heE xtreEmaeso er E xtreme DoiffK fniolcweudlogtfeyG od
II.T hreAes peocftt sha e p riPorroifo ofTr h reKei ndsM ionsfd
12.T heD ifferPelnatco efts h ae p riPorriofA o ccordtioAn nga lyOtrdiecr
andS yntheOtridce r:a p TrhiePo rroiao sfT rutohfS cie(nvceer itas
rationaunmd) as oTfTr huitsn(h gv errietia)s
1.3 Conesquceenosf t hSeu bordionfat thOieno tno loPgrioctoaoftl h e
ProboyfE ffecRtesc:o ncibleitawtetiehoNnene cesosfti hteyp rai ori
Prowoift Dhi viFnree edWohmi,cT hr anssct ehnNede csesiotfiO eusr
Understanding
14.D istinBcettiwoeEnes ns enacnedIs d eoafsE ssesn:Bc eetwetehne
Crea(tMeadt hematicaIld eoEafssT s heensEcese ssee,sn I,cd eoafG ods '
Essenacnedt) h Uen crea(tGeodsd E 'sesncet)hE;eq ualoifLt eyv el
betweMeant hemaItdiecaaansldt hIed eoafG o,da ndb etween
MathemaTtriuctaahlns dt hTer utohft hae p riPorriof o,a sT rutohfs
ScientchDeei; f feroefLn ecvebe elt weMeant hemaEtsisceanalcn eds
GodsE 'ssceena,n db etweMeatnh emaTtriuctaahlns dt hTer utht hoef
a priPorriof o,a sT rutohfTs h ings
1.5 TheE limiiononaf tt hFei nCalla ssOibjceaclt itohIned; a e ofG oda nd
thPee rfecotfEi xoins ttehnEecs es;e onfcG eo da nd Ptehref ecotfi on
ExistTehneca e p.o stePrriooaorsfti h Feo undaotfti hoPena ssoafg e
thIed eoafG od outstihdEeex istoefnG coedt ot hEes seonfcG eo d
IncluHdiiEsnx gi stence
16.T heI dnetiitnIy st elfA lEolsf s ewnicteIh tE sx istEesnsceen;ac se s
IdeaansdE ssenacsEe xsi stOenuctesosif dM ee
1.7 ReptlyoT woD ifflitciSueusp;p reosfst ihIoenn t ellWioglridab nlde
RatioPnoiastli vism
Notes 279
Acknowldegments
Iw oulldit koet hatnhkne u merpoeuposla en idn stitwuitotiuhtwo hnosm
thwiosr mki gnhotht a vbee epno isbsltehN:ea tailoE nnodwmetfn rot he
HumanistT'ir eanslParotgiroaanmns Sd u asnM angoi,ta sb laen edffi cient
diercrt;o tmwyco o nlstuaanntrdsae deRrosb,e Arrti aenwAd l aDno angan;
thmea nhyi sitaonorsf senvtehn-tceeepnhtiulroiysc toahplgoh huwth oh ave
givmeunc hs uptpa onrde ncaoguermetnott h per jocetL,e slCeoyh en,
Edwin Curley, DMaajnroiireeGl r eeGn,Ma ircbheaHreo,ol k earn,d
MargaWrielts Voring;i nPioyalt echInntisict auntdeS attUen viersity's
DepartomfeP nhti losCoepnhtfyeo,rPr ro garmsi nt hHeu maneista,in d
Centfeorr Stthueod fyS cieinnSc oeci eftroyt hewiordr -procaensds ing
secrehtelaprL;ii anld Wsaatye arnstd h eed iitasoltr aoffft hUen ievrsoift y
Minsnoeat Persasnd; m otsi moptralnytS,u asnA ndriAertwit,efe ro t he
coutenlshso uorfsr eiandgr,ee radianngdp, or ofreatdhimena gn uispctr.