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Team-Fly®
DEPLOYING
OPTICAL
NETWORKING
COMPONENTS
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Deploying
Optical
Networking
Components
Gilbert Held
McGraw-Hill
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DOI:10.1036/007141469X
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Optical Networking and Basic Terminology 2
Terminology 3
Deployment 3
Book Focus 4
Chapter Focus 5
Advantages of Optical Transmission 6
Bandwidth 7
Technical Improvements 8
Electromagnetic Immunity 9
Low-Signal Attenuation 9
Environment Utilization 10
Security 10
Weight and Size 11
Disadvantages of Optical Fiber 11
Cable Splicing 12
Fiber Cost 12
Chapter Preview 13
Understanding Light 13
Understanding Fiber 13
Light Sources and Detectors 14
Fiber in the LAN 14
Fiber in the WAN 14
Fiber in the Neighborhood 15
Fiber in the Building 15
Chapter 2 Understanding Light 17
Describing Light 18
Light as a Particle 18
Light as an Electromagnetic Wave 19
v
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vi
Contents
Basics of Electromagnetic Waves 21
Frequency 21
Wavelength 22
The Frequency Spectrum 24
Power Measurements 33
Bel 33
Decibel 35
Power Budget 36
Signal-to-Noise Ratio 37
Metallic Media Transmission Rate Constraints 41
Nyquist Relationship 41
Optical Media Transmission Rate Constraints 44
Attenuation 44
Scattering 45
Chromatic Dispersion 45
Operating Rates 45
Chapter 3 Understanding Optical Fiber 47
Evolution 48
Fabrication 49
Traversing Burning 49
Basic Composition 50
Cladding 51
Jacket 51
Strengthening Fibers 51
Light Flow in a Fiber 52
Index of Refraction 52
The Critical Angle 53
Wavelength Determination 54
Numerical Aperture 55
Light Flow 56
Optical Fiber Metrics and Terms 57
Cable Size 57
Cable Category 58
Optical Attenuation 61
Fiber Composition 67
Glass Fiber 68
Plastic Fiber 68
Plastic-Clad Silica 69
Types of Cable 70
Cable Architecture 71
vii
Contents
Connectors 72
Coupling Method and Connectors 72
Insertion Loss 74
The EIA/TIA 568 Standard 75
Chapter 4 Light Sources and Detectors 77
Components of an Optical Transmission System 78
Transmitter and Receiver 78
Medium 78
Coupler 79
Component Relationships 79
Light Sources 80
Light-Emitting Diodes 80
Operation 82
Modulation Methods 88
Comparison between an LED and a Laser Diode 89
Lasers 89
Photodetectors 97
Basic Operation within an Optical System 98
Radiation Absorption 99
Types of Photodetectors 100
Couplers and Connectors 102
Function 103
The Collimating Process 104
Mode Field Diameter and Numerical
Aperture Considerations 105
Coupling Considerations 106
Alignment Considerations 107
Types of Couplers and Connectors 107
Chapter 5 Fiber in the LAN 109
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 110
Position in the OSI Reference Model 110
4B/5B Coding 111
Fiber Specifications 112
Media Interface and ST Connectors 115
Ring Structure 115
Station Types 116
Port Types and Rules 117
FDDI Frame Format 118
Summary 121
viii
Contents
Ethernet and Fast Ethernet 121
Network Diameter Constraints 122
LAN Extenders 125
Other Extenders 128
Gigabit Ethernet 130
Overview 130
Versions 131
Duplex Support 134
Network Utilization 136
Limitations 137
Chapter 6 Fiber in the WAN 141
Evolution and Rationale 142
Rationale for Use 143
The AT&T FT3C System 144
Advances in Technology 146
SONET and SDH 156
Overview 157
The SONET Transmission Structure 157
The SONET Transmission Hierarchy 158
The SDH Hierarchy 166
Networking Topologies 168
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and
Dense WDM (DWDM) 172
WDM 173
DWDM 179
WDM and DWDM Developments 180
Alternative Protocol Stacks 182
Chapter 7 Fiber in the Neighborhood 185
The Existing Telephone Company Infrastructure 186
Overview 187
The Central Office 188
Connection Methods 188
The Original Cable TV Infrastructure 192
Overview 192
Headend 192
The Cable TV Distribution System 194
ix
Contents
The Evolving Local Telephone Network 195
Overview 196
Options 197
The Evolving Cable TV Infrastructure 198
Overview 198
Bandwidth Limitations 199
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Systems 200
Fiber to the Home 202
Overview 203
Economics 203
Bypass 204
Chapter 8 Fiber in the Building 207
Fiber-Optic Modems 208
Basic Operation 208
Employment Features 209
Selection Features 210
The Model TC1540 211
Fiber-Optic Multiplexers 214
Rationale 214
Overview 216
Features 217
Representative Multiplexers 219
Optical Mode Converters 223
Overview 224
Operation 225
Features 225
Comparing Converters 225
Appendix Frequency vs. Wavelength 227
Abbreviations 243
Glossary 247
Index 253
