Table Of ContentDenying the Spoils of War
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Denying the Spoils
of War
The Politics of Invasion
and Nonrecognition
Joseph O’Mahoney
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Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK.
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For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com
© Joseph O’Mahoney, 2018
Edinburgh University Press Ltd
The Tun – Holyrood Road,
12(2f) Jackson’s Entry,
Edinburgh EH8 8PJ
Typeset in 10.5/12.5 Adobe Sabon by
IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and
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A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 4744 3443 0 (hardback)
ISBN 978 1 4744 3444 7 (webready PDF)
ISBN 978 1 4744 3445 4 (epub)
The right of Joseph O’Mahoney to be identifi ed as the author of this work has
been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498).
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Contents
List of fi gures and tables vi
Acknowledgements vii
List of acronyms and abbreviations ix
Introduction 1
1. Rule maintenance: the logic of symbolic sanctions 15
2. The Manchurian Crisis 33
3. The Abyssinian Crisis 74
4. Turkey, Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 111
5. The independence of Bangladesh 147
6. The uncertain fruits of victory: variation in nonrecognition 181
Conclusion 202
Bibliography 209
Index 222
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List of fi gures and tables
Figure 1.1 Rule maintenance 19
Figure 1.2 Pathways of variation in rule maintenance 24
Table 1.1 Observable implications for explanations of
symbolic sanctions 29
Table 6.1 List of cases of nonrecognition debates 185
Table 6.2 Nonrecognition status 188
Table 6.3 Sources of variation in nonrecognition 197
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Acknowledgements
This book began as a simple question I had when I was in grad school: how
does the international community react when states break the rule against
aggression? That the answer appeared to be, ‘nonrecognition, sometimes’,
only generated more questions. As I have come to realise while writing the
book, nonrecognition is unfortunately underappreciated both as an object
of study and as a force driving important international political outcomes.
I hope I have begun to change that situation with this book.
I have been very lucky in the process of writing the various papers,
articles and dissertation that fi nally produced this book because I have
had the help and support of so many people and institutions. Martha
Finnemore has been an unstinting critic of underdeveloped notions,
unclear concepts and unelucidated logic. Henry Farrell provided many
of the building blocks of my thinking on institutions and rules and intro-
duced me to literature that I would otherwise never have been exposed
to. Susan Sell has been an unfl agging source of encouragement through-
out my career. Robert Adcock is a beacon of intellectual integrity in every
sense of the term. In numerous ways, Robert has been a source of enthu-
siasm for the life of the mind and of practical help and advice.
For funding and other assistance, I am grateful to The George Wash-
ington University (GWU) Department of Political Science, the Loughran
Foundation, the Josephine De Karman Fellowship Trust, the Seton Hall
University School of Diplomacy and International Relations, the Seton
Hall University Research Council, the Stanton Foundation and the Secu-
rity Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
For making their collections open to me and helping me to access
materials, I am grateful to the Gelman Library at GWU, the Library of
Congress in Washington DC, the Bodleian Library at Oxford University,
the National Archives at Kew, Seton Hall University Libraries, the Dewey
Library at MIT, the Boston Athenaeum and the Boston Public Library.
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denying the spoils of war
At Seton Hall, I would like to thank Nabeela Alam, Margarita
Balmaceda, Assefaw Bariagaber, Andrea Bartoli, Martin Edwards,
Yinan He, Yanzhong Huang, Ben Goldfrank, Omer Gokcekus, Susan
Malcolm, Fredline M’Cormack-Hale, Sara Moller, Philip Moreman,
Ann Marie Murphy, Brian Muzas, Courtney Smith and Zheng Wang.
Thanks for discussion, commentary and other help to Samuel Barkin,
Dina Bishara, Bridget Coggins, Mikulas Fabry, Eric Grynaviski, Enze
Han, Allison Beth Hodgkins, Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, Michelle
Jurkovich, Allison Kaufman, Paul Kowert, Ronald Krebs, Eric Lawrence,
Julia MacDonald, Daniel Nexon, Chad Rector, Chana Solomon-
Schwartz and Tristan Volpe. Ryan Triche and L’Dwayne Carruthers
provided excellent research assistance. Thanks also to Jenny Daly, for
believing in the project.
Particular mention must go to Davy Banks, who has indirectly made
this book possible. Whether they be the intricacies of constructivism, the
history of warfare or board games, Davy makes things fun.
Most of all, I would like to thank my family. My parents for being
encouraging throughout and my brother Tom for making me laugh.
Nancy, Addy and Cam, you are the lights of my life.
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List of acronyms and abbreviations
AHI-PAC American Hellenic Institute Public Affairs Committee
DBFP Documents on British Foreign Policy
DBPO Documents on British Policy Overseas
DNSA Digital National Security Archive
DRVN Democratic Republic of Vietnam
EU European Union
FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Offi ce
FDR Franklin Delano Roosevelt
FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States
HC Deb House of Commons Debates
HL Deb House of Lords Debates
IR International Relations
LNOJ League of Nations Offi cial Journal
LNOJ SS League of Nations Offi cial Journal Special Supplement
MP Member of Parliament
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NSC National Security Council
PRC People’s Republic of China
PREM Premier’s Archives
RVN Republic of Vietnam
SADR Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
SBA Sovereign Base Area
S/PV United Nations Security Council Offi cial Record
SRV Socialist Republic of Vietnam
TFSC Turkish Federated State of Cyprus
TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
UAE United Arab Emirates
UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence
UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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