Table Of ContentC R C R E V I V A L S C R C R E V I V A L S
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ISBN 978-1-138-50565-0
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DENTAL ENAMEL
Formation to Destruction
DENTAL ENAMEL
Formation to Destruction
Edited by
Colin Robinson, Ph.D.
Director of Research
Leeds Dental Institute
Jennifer Kirkham, Ph.D.
Senior Lecturer in Oral Biology
Leeds Dental Institute
Roger Shore, Ph.D.
Senior Lecturer in Oral Biology
Leeds Dental Institute
Leeds, England
First published 1995 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1995 by Taylor & Francis
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PREFACE
Dental enamel’s claim to fame, if one can use such a phrase, lies in several unique aspects
of its formation, structure, and pathology. It is the most highly mineralized of all the
skeletal tissues, presenting the most extreme example of the calcification process seen, to
a lesser extent, in bone, dentine, and cementum. Unlike these latter tissues, it is ectodermally
derived and its constituent crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite are far larger and more
perfectly formed than those of its mesenchymal counterparts. In this respect, as well as
being a worthy subject of investigation for its own sake, it is an ideal model for the study
of the fundamental aspects of the elaboration and processing of extracellular matrices and
the calcification process itself.
In addition, enamel is the subject of the most common disease experienced by man —
dental caries: a disease process which uniquely has generated an entire profession.
Despite a reduction in its incidence of as much as 50% in recent times, the disease is still
widespread and in some developing countries is now on the increase. Another remarkable
feature of enamel is that it is associated with perhaps the most effective public health
measure of all — fluoridation. It is the interaction between enamel and the fluoride ion
from either the diet or topically applied dental health products which is at the heart of this
success story.
Finally and, in some respects, most importantly to the individual, dental enamel is the
centerpiece of that most human of attributes — the smile. The self-confidence a smile
brings to the individual and its effect on interpersonal relationships can be profound.
For these reasons we have gathered together the foremost specialists in the field of
enamel investigation including chemists, biochemists, morphologists, crystallographers,
and molecular biologists, to provide what we hope is a scientific text which places dental
enamel in its rightful place in the mainstream of biological research. While the aim is to
provide the most up-to-date information and interpretation for research workers, we hope
the clear style of the text will make the data accessible to both postgraduate and
undergraduate students.
Colin Robinson
Jennifer Kirkham
Roger Shore
THE EDITORS
Colin Robinson, Ph.D., is Director of Research at the Leeds Dental Institute in Leeds,
England, and holds an affiliate professorship at the Forsyth Dental Center in Boston. He
is also Director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Fluoride Research and Head of the
Division of Oral Biology. He is also Pre-Clinical Dean for the Dental School. Dr. Robinson
received a B.Sc. in Biochemistry (with honors) from the University of Leeds in 1961 and
was subsequently awarded a Ph.D. for micro-chemical investigations of dental enamel.
Dr. Robinson is a former Secretary General of the European Organization for Caries
Research (ORCA). He is also President of the Association of Basic Science Teachers in
Dentistry (U.K.) and a former Chairman of the Mineralised Tissue Group of the Interna
tional Association for Dental Research and Council Member for the British Society for
Dental Research. Other society memberships include British Connective Tissue Society,
British Bone and Tooth Society, and European Calcified Tissue Society. Dr. Robinson is
also a corresponding member of the Finnish Dental Society.
Dr. Robinson received the ORCA-Rolex Award in 1982 for outstanding research into
the basic biology of dental enamel. In 1992 he was awarded the International Association
for Dental Research Distinguished Scientist award for outstanding research into miner
alized tissues.
Dr. Robinson’s long-standing research interests lie in the field of mineralized tissues
ranging from the nature of the mineral phases in biological tissues, the control of crystal
initiation and growth, and mineral tissue pathologies. Much of this work has been directed
toward the dental and oral tissues and has also included oral connective tissues, the
mechanism of fluoride action, and salivary chemistry and rheology.
Jennifer Kirkham, Ph.D., is Senior Lecturer in Oral Biology at the Leeds Dental
Institute and Associate Lecturer in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University
of Leeds in Leeds, England. She holds an affiliated position at the Forsyth Center for
Dental Research in Boston.
Dr. Kirkham received a B.Sc. (with honors) from Coventry University in 1979 and
was awarded a Ph.D. in 1985 from the Department of Oral Biology at the University of
Leeds. She is a member of the International Association for Dental Research, the
European Organization for Caries Research, the British Connective Tissue Society, the
Association of Basic Science Teachers in Dentistry and is a former Chairman of the
British Mineralised Tissue Group.
Dr. Kirkham has been the recipient of a number of research grants from the U.K.
Medical Research Council, the Agricultural and Food Research Council, the Dystrophic
Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association and private industry. She has published over
40 papers in the field of dental research. Her current interests include the role of the
extracellular organic matrix in mineralization and connective tissue degradation in the
periodontal ligament and articular cartilage.
Roger Shore, Ph.D., is Senior Lecturer in Oral Biology at the Leeds Dental Institute
in Leeds, England. He obtained a B.Sc. in Zoology (with honors) from the University of
Leeds in 1972 and a Ph.D. from the University of Bristol in 1984 while employed as a
Research Assistant within the Department of Anatomy. In 1985 he was appointed to the
position of Lecturer within the Division of Oral Biology, University of Leeds, where he
is currently employed.
Dr. Shore is a member of the International Association for Dental Research, The
British Society for Dental Research (BSDR), the European Organization for Caries
Research (ORCA), the British Connective Tissue Society, and the Association of Basic
Science Teachers in Dentistry (U.K.). He is currently the Chairman of the British
Mineralised Tissue Group, having served as Councellor for a number of years. He has
been the recipient of a Travel Fellowship from The Royal Society and numerous research
grants from a number of sources, including the U.K. Medical Research Council and the
Agriculture and Food Research Council.
Dr. Shore is the author or co-author of more than 80 papers and book chapters, ranging
over a wide spectrum of interests related to oral tissues.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are indebted to a number of people for their invaluable assistance in the production
of this text. In particular we would like to extend our thanks to Mrs. Claire Godfrey for
her excellent work with illustrations and references and for generally keeping us on the
straight and narrow; to Mr. Simon Strafford for his help with the diagrams, and to all of
the staff in the Division of Oral Biology for their support and forebearance.
In addition, we are grateful to our fellow contributors, whose prompt responses and
careful work have greatly facilitated our endeavors.
