Dendrology: Cones, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds

770 Pages·2018·115.91 MB·English

by  Marilena Idžojtić

DENDROLOGY
CONES, FLOWERS, FRUITS AND SEEDS

DENDROLOGY
CONES, FLOWERS, FRUITS AND SEEDS
Marilena Idžojtić
Professor of Dendrology
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Forestry
Svetošimunska 25
HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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The translation of this book was financed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Croatia
with the resources provided from the collection of the forest public benefit function fee. The views
given herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Notices
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ISBN: 978-0-444-64175-5
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Table of Contents
Preface . . . 7
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1 Gymnosperms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.1.1 Male reproductive structure . 13
1.1.2 Female reproductive structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Angiosperms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.1 Flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.1.1 Flower structure . . .. . 14
1.2.1.1.l Receptacle (receptaculum) . 14
1.2.1.1.2 Perianth (perianthium) . 14
1.2.1.1.3 Androecium (androeceum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.1.1.4 Gynoecium (gynaeceum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.1.2 Floral symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.1.3 Floral diagram and floral formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.1.4 Flower sexuality and sexual systems of species . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.1.5 Pollination ................... . ............ 18
1.2.1.6 Arrangement of flowers on the stem 19
1.2.2 Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3 Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Classification of described woody seed plants 25
3 Description of cones, flowers, fruits and seeds of woody seed plants . 31
4 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
5 Index of botanical names 737
6 Index of common names 759
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Preface
Dendrology is the scientific study of the morphological characteristics of woody plants, their relationship, biological
characteristics, ecological requirements, variability, distribution and economic importance. Reproductive organs of woody plants
(cones, flowers, fruits and seeds) are extremely important when it comes to defining particular taxa with certainty. This book
contains detailed descriptions and photographs of reproductive organs of the trees, shrubs and half-shrubs relevant for the
European dendrology.
The book is divided into 6 chapters. The introduction contains an overview of the morphology of the cones, flowers, fruits
and seeds of gymnosperms and angiosperms, according to Krüssmann (1972, 1976), Weberling (1989), Sitte et al. (1998), Leins
(2000), Farjon (2010), Hardin et al. (1996), Ronse de Craene (2010), Šugar (1990), Simpson (2010), van der Pijl (1972) and Nicolson
et al. (2007). The aim of this chapter is to help the reader to understand the terms used in the description of certain taxa in the
third chapter. Since a comprehensive overview of reproductive organ morphology would exceed the scope and purpose of this
book, and there is already very valuable literature in this field, the introductory part provides a basic overview of morphological
characteristics. For more detailed information, the reader is referred to the specialized literature on plant morphology.
The second chapter provides the reader with a clear insight into the taxonomic position of all taxa included in this book,
according to Cronquist (1981), Dahlgren et al. (1985), Kramer and Green (1990) and Farjon (2010).
The third chapter comprises the largest part of the book, consisting of the descriptions and photographs of 2020 taxa, or more
precisely, 845 species, 58 subspecies, 38 varieties, 13 forms, 40 hybrids and 1026 cultivars. These appear in the alphabetical order
of their botanical names, beginning with the genus Abelia and ending with the genus Ziziphus, according to Zander – Dictionary
of Plant Names (Erhardt et al., 2014) and the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), conforming to the International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Shenzhen Code, ICN, Turland et al., 2018). The names of the authors of botanical names
are standardized in conformity with Brummit and Powell (1992). Synonyms are also given, and in the case of taxa that are hybrids,
parental species are listed. For every taxon, information is provided on the family to which it belongs, according to the classification
from the second chapter. This is followed by the common name of the taxon. For gymnosperms, detailed descriptions of male and
female cones and seeds are provided. For angiosperms, flowers, fruits and seeds are described in detail. Angiosperm flowers are,
among other things, characterized as being ornamental or fragrant. A detailed description of flower morphology always begins
with the description of the perianth, continuing (if the flowers are hermaphroditic) with a description of the male flower parts and
then the female. If the flower in question is unisexual, the description of male flowers comes first, followed by the description
of female flowers. If flowers are part of an inflorescence, this fact is also mentioned, together with the position of the flowers or
inflorescences on the plant. The last piece of information concerns the flowering time. The flowering and fruiting periods pertain
to the Global North temperate zone, unless otherwise specified. When it comes to fruits and seeds, the information is given in the
following order: description of fruits, number and description of seeds in the fruit, maturation period and the mode of fruit or seed
dispersal. The reader will also learn if the fruits are decorative. The morphological description is followed by the information on the
distribution range, i.e. on the area in which the species is naturally distributed. The order of photographs corresponds with that of
the morphological descriptions.
The greatest challenge in writing a book of this kind is definitely the selection of taxa. The taxa included in this book cover
a wide area of European dendrology, with descriptions for 447 species of trees, shrubs and half-shrubs that are autochthonous in
Europe. Aside from the more or less widely distributed and well-known species, some rare, endemic species are also described. In
addition to autochthonous species, the book also includes numerous ornamental species cultivated in Europe but originating from
other continents. Invasive foreign woody species, which endanger the biodiversity of European ecosystems, are also described.
Furthermore, the book includes information on species that have been naturalized in Europe for a long period of time. The book
also offers a description of many exotic woody species with edible fruits or seeds, which can be found in grocery shops. In addition
to the species, the book includes numerous ornamental cultivars and hybrids, which are frequently cultivated in European gardens
and parks. The names of cultivars are listed according to List of Names of Woody Plants, International Standard ENA 2016–2020
(Hoffman, 2016), conforming to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP, Brickell et al., 2016). The
book includes cultivars that differ from the species and other cultivars of the same species in their flowers or fruits. The selection of
cultivars had to be limited, given the fact that cultivars of certain taxa are so numerous that they are usually presented in separate
monographs. In other words, this book contains information on some cultivars, in order to give the reader an impression of their
appearance and abundance. The information on plant breeders' rights of cultivars and names protected as trademarks is not
specified. That information should be checked with the official registration agencies. The groups are not specified, but can be found
in Hoffman (2016).
The best part of working on this book was definitely the fieldwork, i.e. the study and collection of plant material, as well as
taking photographs. The photographs were taken in natural habitats or in parks, private gardens, botanical gardens and arboreta
in Europe. After the collection of cones and fruits and the separation of seeds, these were photographed with a millimetre ruler, to
enable the reader to notice all of the important characteristics more easily. Photographs, totalling 6644, are an extremely important
part of the book.
The bibliography lists 575 references to the literature used from the field of dendrology and related sciences. The book is
structured in such a way that the references are not cited in the first, second and third chapter, but instead the literature used in
these chapters is listed in this chapter. It includes literature in English, German, Spanish, Slovenian and Croatian.
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The index of botanical names and index of common names are given at the end of the book.
The book was written for scientists, students and experts of different fields, whose work is related to woody plants – in other
words, for those interested in dendrology, ornamental woody plants, botany, forestry, urban forestry, agronomy, horticulture, plant
propagation and growing, landscape architecture etc.
This is not a book that is exclusively popular or scientific, but rather a combination of the two, as it contains not only a detailed
scientific description of reproductive organs of woody taxa, but also a large number of useful and potentially popular photographs
of those organs. This means that anyone who does not need such detailed descriptions may use a part of the description, together
with the photographs which it is hoped will be very useful to any reader.
The Faculty of Forestry at the University of Zagreb has enabled me to develop professionally and has provided me with the
freedom and joy to work creatively, as well as with the necessary support, all of which has resulted in this book.
I would like to thank the translator Ana Peričić for her help in the very demanding task of translating and proof-reading the
text. I would also like to thank all my colleagues and loved ones who have helped me in any way while I worked on this book.
The authors of almost all the photographs are Marilena Idžojtić and Željko Idžojtić. I am thankful to the colleagues who have
ceded me their photographs: Robert Brus (page 609: third column, first photograph), Márton Korda (page 227: second column, first
photograph and third column, fourth and fifth photographs), Igor Poljak (page 219: second column, second photograph; page 294:
second column, first and third photographs; page 298: second column, third photograph; page 524: first column, first and third
photographs, second column, fourth photograph), Darko Posarić (page 608: third column, first photograph; page 609: first column,
first to fourth photographs), John Seiler (page 717: second column, first photograph), Pascale Servais and Pierre Seba (page 400:
third column, first photograph; page 401: first column, fifth photograph).
I would like to thank Mary Preep, editor at Elsevier, who has helped me with the project professionally and patiently from the
proposal to its final realization.
In my fieldwork, I was greatly assisted by Željko Idžojtić, MEng, who is also responsible for the complete graphic design and
layout of the book, for which I am most grateful.
I dedicate this book to my devoted parents and children.
Zagreb, June 16, 2018 Author
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