Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia

279 Pages·2013·1.047 MB·English

by  Aurel Croissant, David Kuehn, Philip Lorenz, Paul W. Chambers (auth.)

The Palgrave Macmillan
Democratization and
Civilian Control in Asia
Aurel Croissant
David Kuehn
Philip Lorenz
and
Paul W. Chambers
CriticalStudiesoftheAsiaPacificSeries
SeriesEditor:MarkBeeson,WinthropProfessorofPoliticalScienceandInternational
StudiesattheUniversityofWesternAustralia
Critical Studies of the Asia Pacific showcases new research and scholarship on what
isarguablythemostimportantregionintheworldinthetwenty-firstcentury. The
riseofChinaandthecontinuingstrategicimportanceofthisdynamiceconomicarea
to the United States mean that the Asia Pacific will remain crucially important to
policymakersandscholarsalike.Theunifyingthemeoftheseriesisadesiretopublish
the best theoretically informed, original research on the region. Titles in the series
cover the politics, economics and security of the region, as well as focussing on its
institutionalprocesses,individualcountries,issuesandleaders.
Titlesinclude:
StephenAris
EURASIANREGIONALISM
TheShanghaiCooperationOrganisation
ThomasBirtchnell
INDOVATION
InnovationandaGlobalKnowledgeEconomyinIndia
TobyCarroll
DELUSIONSOFDEVELOPMENT
TheWorldBankandthePost-WashingtonConsensusinSoutheastAsia
AurelCroissantandMarcoBunte(editors)
THECRISISOFDEMOCRATICGOVERNANCEINSOUTHEASTASIA
ShaharHameiri
REGULATINGSTATEHOOD
StateBuildingandtheTransformationoftheGlobalOrder
LeeJones
ASEAN,SOVEREIGNTYANDINTERVENTIONINSOUTHEASTASIA
HiroKatsumata
ASEAN’SCOOPERATIVESECURITYENTERPRISE
NormsandInterestsinaRegionalForum
JikonLai
FINANCIALCRISISANDINSTITUTIONALCHANGEINEASTASIA
ArndtMichael
INDIA’SFOREIGNPOLICYANDREGIONALMULTILATERALISM
ErikPaul
OBSTACLESTODEMOCRATIZATIONINSOUTHEASTASIA
AStudyoftheNation-State,RegionalandGlobalOrder
JoelRathus
JAPAN,CHINAANDNETWORKEDREGIONALISMINEASTASIA
SowKeatTok
MANAGINGCHINA’SSOVEREIGNTYINHONGKONGANDTAIWAN
WilliamTowandRikkiKersten(editors)
BILATERALPERSPECTIVESONREGIONALSECURITY
Australia,JapanandtheAsia-PacificRegion
BarryWain
MALAYSIANMAVERICK
MahathirMohamadinTurbulentTimes
MikaelWeissmann
THEEASTASIANPEACE
ConflictPreventionandInformalPeacebuilding
RobertG.WirsingandEhsanAhrari(editors)
FIXINGFRACTUREDNATIONS
TheChallengeofEthnicSeparatismintheAsia-Pacific
RobertG.Wirsing,ChristopherJasparroandDanielC.Stoll
INTERNATIONALCONFLICTOVERWATERRESOURCESINHIMALAYANASIA
AurelCroissant,DavidKuehn,PhilipLorenzandPaulW.Chambers
DEMOCRATIZATIONANDCIVILIANCONTROLINASIA
CriticalStudiesoftheAsiaPacificSeries
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Democratization and
Civilian Control in Asia
Aurel Croissant
Professor,InstituteofPoliticalScience,HeidelbergUniversity,Germany
David Kuehn
ResearchFellow,InstituteofPoliticalScience,HeidelbergUniversity,Germany
Philip Lorenz
Lecturer,InstituteofPoliticalScience,HeidelbergUniversity,Germany
and
Paul W. Chambers
DirectorofResearchandLecturer,InstituteofSoutheastAsianAffairs,FacultyofPolitical
Science,ChiangMaiUniversity,ChiangMai,ThailandandResearchFellow,German
InstituteofGlobalandAreaStudies,Hamburg,Germany
©AurelCroissant,DavidKuehn,PhilipLorenzandPaulW.Chambers2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-28533-0
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Contents
ListofIllustrations vi
Acknowledgments vii
ListofAbbreviations xi
Introduction 1
Part I ConceptualandTheoreticalPerspectives
1 ConceptualizingCivilianControloftheMilitary 21
2 ExplainingCivilianControloftheMilitaryinNew
Democracies 42
Part II DemocratizationandCivil–MilitaryRelations
inAsia
3 SouthKorea:PurgesandPresidentialPrerogatives 59
4 Taiwan:FromMartialLawtoCivilianControl 79
5 Indonesia:TheDemocratizationofPersonalControl 97
6 Bangladesh:FromMilitarizedPoliticstoPoliticizedMilitary 118
7 ThePhilippines:Civil–MilitarySymbiosisundertheVeneerof
CivilianRule 136
8 Thailand:CivilianControlDeterred 156
9 Pakistan:Military-GuidedTransitionstoElectedGovernment
andtheFailureofCivilianControl 175
Part III ComparativePerspectives
10 Conclusion:Contours,Causes,andConsequencesofCivilian
Control 197
Notes 215
Bibliography 223
NameIndex 260
SubjectIndex 262
v
Illustrations
Figures
I.1 FrequencyofmilitaryregimesandmilitarycoupsinAsia,
1950–2011 5
I.2 Varietiesofcivil–militaryrelationsinAsia(asof2010) 7
1.1 Numberofattemptedandsuccessfulmilitarycoups,
1950–February2011 22
1.2 ThefivepartialregimesofEmbeddedDemocracy 24
1.3 Thefivedecision-makingareasofcivil–militaryrelations 26
2.1 Frameworkforexplainingciviliancontrolinemerging
democracies 55
3.1 (Retired)militaryofficersinthecabinetandlegislature,
1948–2004(inpercent) 61
4.1 RepresentationofthemilitaryinKMTleadership,1952–88(in
percent) 82
5.1 TrendsinMilitaryExpendituresinIndonesia,2002–2012 108
6.1 OrganizationalstructureandmilitarizationofBangladesh’s
securitysector 124
6.2 Bangladesh’sparticipationinUNpeacekeepingmissions,
1990–2010 127
7.1 TrendsinmilitaryexpendituresinthePhilippines,1980–2010 142
7.2 TroopstrengthoftheCCP–NPA,1969–2010 144
8.1 Ratioofmilitaryrepresentationinsenateandcabinetin
Thailand,1932–2008 160
8.2 TrendsinmilitaryexpendituresinThailand,1980–2010 161
9.1 DefensebudgetandbudgetallocationinPakistan,1982–2009 180
9.2 USaidandassistancetoPakistan,1948–2010 182
Tables
1.1 Areasandindicatorsofciviliancontrol 29
2.1 Mechanismsandstrategiesofcivil–militarychange 49
5.1 AveragemilitaryrepresentationinIndonesiancabinets,
1967–2011 102
5.2 MilitaryrepresentationintheDPR,1971–2014 110
10.1 Distributionofdecision-makingpowerbetweencivilians
andmilitaryovertime 199
10.2 Prevalentstrategiesofciviliancontrol 203
vi
Acknowledgments
This book is the result of the collaborative research project ‘Democratic
Transformation and Civilian Control of the Military: Comparing New
Democracies in Northeast, Southeast, and South Asia’, hosted by the
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, and headed by Aurel Croissant and
SubrataK.Mitra.SincethestartoftheresearchinNovember2008,wehave
accumulatedalonglistofpeopleandinstitutionswhohavecontributedto
the project’s success through its various stages. Unfortunately, we can only
nameafewofthemhere.
Firstandforemost,wearegratefulforthefinancialsupportoftheGerman
Research Foundation (DFG). The DFG research grant (CR 128/4-1) has pro-
videdthebackboneofourfundingandmadethisbookpossible,enablingus
to conduct field research and more than 90 interviews in the seven coun-
tries that are the focus of this study. We also received generous support
from the Fritz-Thyssen-Foundation in Cologne that allowed us to host a
workshop in Heidelberg in October 2010 to present some of the ideas con-
tainedinthisbook.AurelCroissanthadtheopportunitytodiscusssomeof
the project’s results at research seminars at the National Taiwan University
(NTU) in Taipei and at the East Asia Institute in Seoul, as well as during a
six-weekPOSCOFellowshipattheEast-WestCenterinHonoluluduringthe
summer of 2011. We are very grateful for the hospitality of the East Asia
InstituteandYoung-hwanShinandtheEastWestCenter,especiallyCarolyn
EnoguchiandDennyRoy.
Earlyversionsofourconceptualandtheoreticalframeworksaswellasthe
countrystudieshavebeendiscussedwithstudentsatHeidelbergUniversity
during several master-level seminars between 2009 and 2011 and at NTU.
Conference presentations and discussions with esteemed colleagues pro-
videdinvaluablefeedbackandnewperspectivesonourideas.Inparticular,
wewouldliketothanktheparticipantsoftheworkshopon‘Civil–Military
Relations and Democratic Stress’ at the Chulalongkorn University’s Insti-
tute of Security and International Studies (ISIS) in Bangkok and at the
ECPR General Conference in Potsdam, both in 2009, and the 2011 con-
ferences of ERGOMAS in Amsterdam and IUS in Chicago. We are most
grateful for comments and suggestions, especially from Thomas Bruneau,
DavidPion-Berlin,Sang-youngRhyu,YorkW.Chen,RenatoCruzdeCastro,
Helena Carreiras, Ukrist Pathmanand, Ejaz Hussain, Harold Trinkunas, Bob
Springborg,MarcusMietzner,MoonChung-in,andThitinanPongsudhirak.
Chapter1inthisbookbuildsonresearchthathaspreviouslybeenpublished
vii
viii Acknowledgments
as ‘The fallacy of coup-ism’ in the journal Democratization (5/2010); and
some of our results were previously reported in the East-West Center Policy
Study 63 (2012), ‘Breaking with the past? Civil–military relations in the
emergingdemocraciesofEastAsia’.
Marc Saxer provided helpful suggestions for the Thailand chapter and
Ejaz Hussain and Smruti Pattanaik were so kind as to read and comment
on drafts of the chapters on Bangladesh and Pakistan. Their help is much
appreciated.WeareespeciallygratefultoSiegfriedO.Wolf,whoconducted
all field research and interviews in Bangladesh and Pakistan for the book.
All those who agreed to generously share their precious time and insights
and gave us interviews have greatly helped advance our understanding of
civil–military relations in the various countries. Our list of intellectual and
personal debt covers former and current government officials, parliamen-
tarians, and military officers as well as fellow social scientists, civil-society
activists,andjournalists.Theyallhaveourmostheartfeltgratitudeforhelp-
ing us realize this book. In Taiwan, the Institute of International Relations
(IIR) at National Cheng-chih University in Taipei offered institutional affil-
iation and a warm welcome. We are particularly indebted to Prof. Arthur
S.Ding,whogenerouslysharedhistimeandknowledgeandopenedmany
doors into the world of Taiwan’s civil–military relations. Special thanks go
to Gen (ret.) Tang Fei, Prof. Chen Ching-pu, Prof. York W. Chen, Prof. Fu-
kuo Liu, Prof. Dr Werner Pfennig, Prof. Hsiao-shih Cheng, Dr Winston Li,
JimmyChuang,andWendellMinnickallofwhomhavemadeoutstanding
contributionstothesuccessofthefieldtriptoTaiwan.
In Korea, our thanks go to the Graduate School of International Studies
atYonseiUniversityforprovidingafriendlyandinspiringworkatmosphere
during the stay in Seoul. Heartfelt thanks go to Prof. Chung-in Moon and
Prof. Chong-min Park, an anonymous colleague at the Korean Institute for
DefenseAffairsandDrWernerKamppeter,fromwhosededicationandsup-
portourresearchinKoreahasprofitedininnumerableways.Wealsowould
like to express our special gratitude to Dr Insoo Kim, Dr Sung-soo Kim, Dr
ThomasKalinowski,Prof.BrendanHowe,Prof.CarlSaxer,Obersti.G.Rainer
Schwickart, Prof. Terence Roehrig, and Dr Bernhard Seliger, without whom
fieldresearchinSeoulwouldhavebeenmuchlessfruitful.
In Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University kindly gave us their institutional
backing. Thanks to the Propatria Institute we could observe the discussion
ofseveraldraftlawsonthesecuritysectorataseriesofworkshops.KontraS,
Imparsial and IDSPS shared their insights into the workings of Indonesian
civilsociety.Individualthanksfortheirgeneroustimeandadviceisdueto
Prof. Pratikno of Gadjah Mada University, Hari Prihatono, and Kusnanto
Anggoro of Propatria, Evan Laksmana, Iisgindarsah, Sidratahtar Muhtar,
Artanti Wardhani at the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Jakarta, Fitri Bintang
Timur, then at IDSPS in Jakarta, Monica Tanuhandaru of Air Putih, and
finally Lt Gen. (ret.) Bambang Darmono. Also, during his PhD studies at
Acknowledgments ix
Heidelberg University, Mada Sukmajati immensely helped prepare for field
researchinIndonesia.
In Bangladesh we gratefully received the institutional support of the
Department of Government & Politics at Jahangirnagar University in
Savar/Dhaka and the Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic
StudiesinDhaka.InadditionwewouldliketothankDrK.M.Mahiduddin
and Dr Abdul Latif Masum at Jahangirnagar University in Dhaka, Shariful
IslamatBegumRokeyaUniversity,andShahM.NazmulAlam.
In the Philippines, we gladly thank for the support we received from
Dr Rommel Banlaoi, his Excellency Rosario Gonzalez-Manalo, Cmdr. Eric
Ramos, Senator Antonio Trillanes IV., Mirko Herberg, Siegfried Herzog, and
Col Daniel Lucero. At the University of the Philippines we are grateful to
Dr Rosalie Arcala Hall, Herman Joseph Kraft, Dr Clarita Carlos, Katherine
MarieG.Hernandez,andDrRaymondQuilop;atAteneodeManilaUniver-
sity to Leslie Adyincula Lopez and Jennifer Santiago Oreta. At De La Salle
University we would like to thank Dr Renato Cruz de Castro and Dr Julio
Teehankee; at the National Defense College of the Philippines we thank
DrNestorPilar,DrGabbyLopez,andCdreCarlosAgustin.
In Thailand, we are glad to acknowledge the institutional support and
warm welcome we received from the Institute of Security and Interna-
tional Studies (ISIS) at Chulalongkorn University, Payap University, and
Naresuan University during our studies. We would like to thank for the
helpprovidedbyGen.BoonsrangNiempradit,LtGen.PeerapongManakit,
Gen. Lertrat Ratanavanich, and three anonymous military officers, for-
mer Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai, Dr Chris Baker, Hakuan Choopen
of Sripatum University, and Kraisak Choonhavan. At Payap University in
Chiang Mai, we would like to thank Dr Chaiyan Rajchagool, Dr Mark
TamthaiandDrNapisaWaitoolkiat.Finally,atChulalongkornUniversityin
Bangkok Dr Panitan Wattanayagorn, Dr Suchit Bunbongkarn, Dr Thitinan
Pongsudhirak, and Dr Ukrist Pathmanand all helped and supported us
greatly.
In Pakistan, we are grateful for the support provided by the local office
of the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, the Department of Defence and Strategic
StudiesatQuaid-i-AzamUniversity,andthePakistanInstituteofLegislative
DevelopmentandTransparency,allinIslamabad.Apartfromtheinvaluable
helpHeidelberg’sNaveedSyedprovidedasaresearchassistantinthecoun-
try,wewouldliketothankSyedKhurshidPervez,OberstleutnantKlausWolf
at the German Embassy in Islamabad, Dr Pervez Iqbal Cheema at National
Defence University in Islamabad, and Dr Babak Khalatbari at the Konrad
AdenauerStiftunginIslamabad.
At the Institute of Political Science at Heidelberg University we count
ourselves very lucky to work in a productive and collegial atmosphere
and for that, thank all our colleagues here. Our graduate students Arisa
Ratanapinsiri, Stephan Großkopf, Sabine Mohammed, Tanja Eschenauer,