Table Of ContentOUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,19/3/2018,SPi
Democracy When the People Are Thinking
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,19/3/2018,SPi
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,19/3/2018,SPi
Democracy When the People
Are Thinking
Revitalizing Our Politics Through Public
Deliberation
James S. Fishkin
1
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,19/3/2018,SPi
3
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©PartIII,Section2:JamesS.Fishkin,ThadKousser,RobertC.Luskin,andAliceSiu.
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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,19/3/2018,SPi
Acknowledgments
Deliberativedemocracy,intheoryandpractice,hasbeenmyprincipaloccu-
pation since I had the idea for Deliberative Polling in 1988. The many
examples in this book implicitly describe a journey from normative theory
toempiricalwork—andbackagaintonormativetheory.Ihavemanydebtsto
acknowledge. Teachers—the late Robert Dahl, the late Bernard Williams,
Charles E. Lindblom, Douglas Rae. Collaborators—Robert Luskin, Bruce
Ackerman,AliceSiu,thelatePeterLaslett,andDeliberativePollingcollaborators
andadvisorsinmanycountries.TheseincludeYasunoriSone,TatsuroSakano,
Kerry Hayes, Shanto Iyengar, Baogang He, M. P. Gombojav Zandanshatar,
MayorErdeniin Bat-Üül, Mark Koenig, Amarzaya Naran, AngusCheong, Pam
Ryan, Kasper Moller Hansen, John Panaretos, Pierangelo Isernia, Lenny Men-
donca,DennisThomas,andthelateWillGuildandallmycollaboratorsinthe
ResilienceAfricanNetwork(someofwhomareincludedinSection4,PartIII,in
this volume). Other scholars who have been particularly helpful at various
points include Simone Chambers, Claus Offe, Bernard Manin, Helene Land-
emore, Ian O’Fynn, Nan and Bob Keohane, Sandy Levinson, Larry Bartels,
Henry Brady, Cristina Lafont, Gaurav Sood, Robert Goodin, Mogens Herman
Hansen,KimmoGrönlund,AndréBächtiger,AlanRyan,andLynnSanders.
NormanBradburnandthelatePhilipConversewerekeytolaunchingthese
ideas in the United States, David Lloyd, Roger Jowell, and Andreas Whittam
Smith were key in Britain. Dan Werner from MacNeil/Lehrer Productions,
now NewsHour Productions, has been central to bringing the process to
wider audiences. He has been a key partner as Senior Advisor to the Center
forDeliberativeDemocracysinceitsinception.ThelateCharlesE.Walkerwas
aninvaluableally.JaneMansbridgehasbeenasourceofcontinuingwisdom.
Co-teachers at Stanford such as Jack Rakove, Larry Diamond, and Josh Ober
have taught me many things that enrich this book. In our jointly taught
classes Ithink Iwasone ofthe most alert students. KathleenGiles,Manager
of the Center for Deliberative Democracy, has been a superb help. There are
manyotherstoacknowledgeonsuchalongjourneybuttheyaretoonumer-
oustoname.
My family—Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Joseph R. Fishkin, and Bobby Fishkin,
CEO of Reframe It, my brother David Fishkin, as well as my mother-in-law,
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,19/3/2018,SPi
Acknowledgments
Carol Plaine Fisher, and my late father-in-law Milton Fisher, have been a
constantinspiration.Myparents,thelateJosephandFannieFishkin,started
meonthisjourneyanddeservemorethanksthanIcanexpress.
Any mistakes are mine. This book illustrates the complexities posed by a
verysimpleidea,ifonlywetrytoputitintopractice.Myhopeisthatthebook
willappealtopoliticaltheoristswhowanttothinkaboutrealcases,empirical
scholars who want to think about hypothetical cases, and anyone in the
public who wants to think about democracy—its prospects and limitations,
nowandinthefuture.
vi
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Table of Contents
ListofTables ix
ListofBoxes xi
PartI: Introduction 1
1. PartyCompetitionandItsLimits 3
2. DeliberationandReform 6
PartII: CanthePeopleRule? 13
1. FourCriteriaforPopularControl 13
2. FourFormsofDemocracy 23
3. PopularControlinCompetitiveDemocracies 27
4. IsThereDemocracyfor“Realists”? 31
5. Manipulation 35
6. EliteDeliberationandPopularControl:Madison’sFilter 39
7. ParticipatoryDemocracyandDemocraticControl:FromTown
MeetingstoReferenda 45
8. ReflectionsontheAthenianCase 51
PartIII: MakingDeliberationPractical 69
1. DesigningDeliberativeDemocracy 69
2. DeliberativeAgenda-Setting:CaliforniainOneRoom 79
JamesS.Fishkin,ThadKousser,RobertC.Luskin,andAliceSiu
3. Mongolia:DeliberativeParticipatoryBudgeting 91
4. ApplyingDeliberativeDemocracyinAfrica:Uganda’sFirst
DeliberativePolls 100
JamesS.Fishkin,RoyWilliamMayega,LynnAtuyambe,Nathan
Tumuhamye,JuliusSsentongo,AliceSiu,andWilliamBazeyo
5. DeliberatingEuropean-Wide? 111
JamesS.Fishkin,RobertC.Luskin,andAliceSiu
PartIV: ReimaginingDemocraticPossibilities 137
1. DesignsforDeliberation:WhereandHow? 137
2. ItWorksinPractice,ButDoesItWorkinTheory? 140
3. FromThoughtExperimentstoRealExperiments:Reflectionson
RawlsandHabermas 148
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TableofContents
4. DeliberativeDemocracyandCandidateSelection 157
5. Texas:ConnectingPublicDeliberationtoPolicyElites 160
6. ConnectingDeliberativeDesignstoParticipatoryDemocracy 163
7. DeliberatingBeforeBallotPropositions:Reflectingonthe
“AustralianRepublic” 166
8. Japan:DeliberationforHardChoices 172
9. DeliberationDay 175
10. ConnectingDeliberativeDemocracytoConstitutionalChange 180
11. SpeculatingonNewInstitutions 183
12. MongoliaDeliberatesonConstitutionalChange 189
13. “DeliberativeAuthoritarianism”? 195
14. “DeliberativeSystems”andPopularControl 199
15. TowardCollectiveSelf-Rule 208
Appendix 221
Index 251
viii
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List of Tables
2.2.1 FormsofDemocracy 24
3.2.1 IndirectInitiativeProposals 85
4.7.1 DeliberativeResultsonReferendumQuestion 169
4.7.2 FirstChoiceModel 170
A3.1 What’sNextCalifornia 221
A3.2 What’sNextCaliforniaAttitudeChangeforPolicyProposals 222
A3.3 Regression:LengtheningAssemblyTerms 224
A3.4 Regression:Part-TimeLegislature 224
A3.5 InequalityAnalysesforWhat’sNextCalifornia 225
A3.6 PolarizationAnalysesforWhat’sNextCalifornia 226
A3.7 ElementsofProposition31 227
A3.8 Ulaanbaatar:ProposedProjects,RankedHighesttoLowest
Post-Deliberation 227
A3.9 InequalityAnalysesforUlaanbaatar 228
A3.10 PolarizationAnalysesforMongolia 228
A3.11a Bududa(Uganda):SignificantPolicyChanges 229
A3.11b Butaleja(Uganda):SignificantPolicyChangesforParticipants 229
A3.12 Bududa:TopTenPrioritiesAfterDeliberation 230
A3.13 Butaleja:TopTenPrioritiesAfterDeliberation 230
A3.14 Bududa:IllustrativeExcerptsforTopThreePriorities 231
A3.15 Butaleja:IllustrativeExcerptsforTopThreePriorities 232
A3.16 SmallGroupPolarization:Bududa 233
A3.17 SmallGroupPolarization:Butaleja 234
A3.18 BududaInequalityAnalysis 235
A3.19 ButalejaInequalityAnalysis 237
A3.20 EuropeanUnionImmigrationIndex 239
A3.21 EuropeanUnionClimateChangeIndex 239
A3.22 EuropeanUnion:AttitudinalRepresentativenessforIndices 240
