Democracy, Education, and Multiculturalism. Dilemmas of Citizenship in a Global World

307 Pages·1998·12.855 MB·English

by  Carlos Alberto Torres

DEMOCRACY,E DUCATIONA,N D MULTICULTURALISM
DilemomfCa is tizeinnas G hliopbW aolr ld
CarlAolsb erTtoor res
ROWMAN& LITTLEFIEPLUDB LISEHRS,I NC.
La,nha•mB oduelrN•e wY orkO•xf ord
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIEPLUDBL ISHERINSC,.
Publishientd h eU niteSdt atoefsA merica
byR owman& LittlePfuibellids hIenrcs.,
4720B ostoWna y,L anhamM,a ryla2n0d7 06
12H id'Cso psReo ad
CumnorH ilOlx,fo rdO X2 9JJ, England
Copyri©g h1t998b yC arlAolsb erTtoor res
Alrli ghrtess erNvoe pda.rot f t hipsu blicamtaiyob ne r eproduced,
storienda retriseyvsatle omr,t ransmiitnta endyfo rm orb ya nym eans,
electronic, mepchhoatnoiccoaplyr,ie ncgo,r dionrog t,h erwise,
withotuhtep rior permoifst shiepo unb lisher.
BritiLsihb rary CatailnoP guubilnigc aItnifoonr matAivoani lable
LibraorfCy o ngrCeastsa loging-in-DPautbal ication
TorreCsa,r lAolsb erto.
Democraceyd,u catiaonndm, u lticultur:a dliilsemm moafs
citizenisnha ig pl obawlor ldIC arlAolsb erTtoor res.
p. cm.
Includbeisb liographical arnedif nedreexn.c es
ISBN0 -8476-853(4c-l9o :ta hl kp.a per-).I SBN0 -8476-8535-7
(pap:ea rl kp.a per)
1. Cripteidcaaglo gy2..E ducatiaonnds tate3..M ulticultural
educatio4n.C. i tizenshIi.Tp i.t le.
LC196.T6159 98
370.11'5-dc21 98-4047
CIP
Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica
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Q Thep apeurs edin t hipsu blicamteieotnts h em inimurme quiremoefn ts
AmericaNna tionSatla ndaforrd I nformatSicoine nces-PermaonfeP nacpee fro r
PrintLeidb raMrayt eriAaNlSsI,Z 39.48-1984.
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Contents
Acknowledgments vii
1 TheS ecrAedtv entoufOr redse ArnI: n troduction 1
2 The StaEtdeu caantdi on 9
3 Globatliiozna 71
4 Citizenship 101
5 Demcoracy 154
6 Multlitcuiursaml 175
7 TowaradT heoorfDy e mocraMtuilct icuClittuirzaeln shi2p2 3
Refecreesn 265
289
Index
301
AboutthA eu thor
v

Acknowledgments
Writinagni nitesec ltlujauolr neoyfd isvceorayn dd ialoIgnwu rei.t tihnigs
booIkh ,a ve beicnodmeebt toae n du mboefrf reindasn cdo lleawghuote osl ­
eratmeyod b sesisnitveeor veetsrhtl e a tshtr yeeea irnds i scutshsreie nlga tion­
shiapmso ntgh set ate, ecdiutciazteidnoesnmh,oi cpr,aan cdmy u,l utlitcural­
isme,v eantt hper iocfse p oialg ionogmd e aolra p lenatcs oanveorns.a ti
Ia mg ratteofM uilc haWe.A lpp lReo,b eArnrotv eA,t iAlliboe Brotroo n,
SoClo he,tn hleta eP auRleog lNuesv eFsr eiMroea,cG iard oWtatlit,Ge arr ac,i
ZelGdrao enJeorhH,na wnkisP,a Mtc DonouTgedhM ,i tchMearlcle,Ml oali ls,
PilOa'Cra diRzaj, P annRua,y munPadr deesD,a viPdl anTkh,o maSs.
PopktewzAi,d riaPnuai ggJro6sEseu, s taRqoumiaoDo a,n iSeclh ugurensky,
anWde lfo(rBdu zWzi)l ms.
A fewc olleaagnufder eisn drse aldra gpea rotrs etnhtemi arneu scarnidp t
provimdeew di tihmm enseilnysh itgfsuulg gesatnicdor ncisit simIas m.p ar­
ticulianerdbltyte odN icBkur beuslR,a yR occDoo,u Kge llTnoedrdG, i tlin,
anGdl orLiaad sBoinl-liRnaygmso.nA dl lMeonr rowwi,tw hh omIh avsep ent
thlea dsetc addies cuasnswdir nigt aibnogu t soctihoeloaorngyedi d cuacla tion,
has proavsai ldwyeasdi,,n shitgfaunlcd r itsiucgagle stions.
A numboefgr r aadtuset udents tdhimesa cnuussscaerndipd pr to vimdoesdt
usuelfs uggenssst,hi oowimneog,n caeg atihna,t s ttuhdeie tsnh tte e acahnedr
thtee acthhesert udentI.mi gWhhntio lhtea vdeo njesu titcote h etiarl einnt s
respondtihneqgiu ret sont sqi,uo iereasn,cd r istmisIcw, io ulldit koer ecognize
theiinrsh itgfsuulg sgteiso.Ina mt hanktfoMu alr iBaea trSianzt anOac,t avio
PecsadoSrau,lD uarte, AClarym eJLnua muaTr,oar rse,Pe tKeirp Jpe,n iffer
JafnosXkoyc,h itl PerAegzu,i rDGraaevb,Vii idnc ot oKrairneM,nc Calfferty,
JulTiheo mpsaonnAd,n alHeareo I. aaml sgore aftutloD eaBnri kenkammpy,
freindan ed xecuetdioivrate tR owma&n L iltetfieflohdr,i p sr osfesionalism,
warmtanhsd,o lriidatanyhd i csa re feonrt etsrheope fpr iubliashsaci onngt ri­
butitootn h cer eaotifaod ne mocrpautbilscip ch ere.
Ip ufitn ishtionugc ohnet sh miasn uscwrhiipcltoe n tisnlutyor eualviinng
MexicBora,z ialn,dA rgentiTnhaec. a ndaonrdg entleonfMe esxsi can,
BrazialniArdag ne,n tinfreiaesnn,w di tthh emiarn dye monstroaflt oivoen s
ancda rfeop re ophleel,pm eedt og ob accko nstatont thLleay t aidna g"ea d
fonteTsh.ai"tst o s ya,w es houalldw acyosm bea ctkoo usre nsoefhs u matnyi,
comapssionl,vo e-atnerds u ourocfie nst cetluliaenls piration.
Vll
viiAic knowledgments
Id edictahtibeso otkom ym othwehro,i nh ehru manhiatasyl wasyhso wed
me thacto mpasshiaosnn o l imitthsa,lt o vter anscpeenrdsso naalnidt ies
behaviaonrdts h,al ti viadn egm ocrlaitsfiheco unledv beera m ysterfieoauts.
Iw ouladl sloi kteod edictahtibeso otko m yd aughLtaeurrS ai lviwhnoa ,
constatnetalcmyhe et sh aact u riionutse llmeicntadun adall ovipnegr sonality
witahni mmentshei frosdrti alocgaucneh antghewe o rladtl, e atshtwe o rlodf
thpee opwlheoh avteh per ivitlome egeeht e rH.e rw idrea nge of irne adings
contemporary tshoecoiproaylr,ot giicciuanll a irslosyfeu tehsn iacnidgt eyn ­
derh,e lpmeedt oe ngaagnedu nderstthasenu db jbeecttt Meyr s.o nP,a blo
Sebastwihaorn e,aw di thhi psa rticiunlqaurilsymi itniadvn edw it-tmhien d
oft hpeh ilosopheorft- hpmeaa rntuss corffieprti,vn egrv ya luacbalned,ai td ,
timeosv erwhelmcirnigtlciyoc mamle ndtess,e rav seism idleadri caIt ion.
learnael do itn terawcitthihin mag n wd ithhi psa ssfiootrnh ter utahl.sd oeI d ­
icattheib so otkom yo ldessotnC ,a rlAolsb erwthoob,,e itnhgoe n ew hoh as
studiinet dh rceoeu ntriinte hsr,de ieff erleanntg uaegmebso,d ibeest ttehra n
manIyk notwh neo tioofen n ftesihnetde rcultHuircsah lairsmmdi.en mge anor
anhdi pso sitiveo nol uittflaeou ogmkhe tt h amti grateoxrpye rimeanycc eosn ­
stitiuntt heee,n da,ne ndowmeank ti,no dfi nvisaisbslfoeert p eopwlheo
knowa,sC arldoose hso,w t oc apttuhrseee renoiflt iyfeT .h idse dicagtoieosn
asw eltlot hnee wemsetm beorfsm yf amiNliyc,o Tloem aa ndR osanna
DiSalAvsoa .l ways, MarfPao nCsmr,yi csotmipnaa fifeoratr w enty-five
yearsa,s pheacsi ali ntp hliaascc ken owledWgimtehhn etsr.e nsibiinltietlyl,i ­
gencaen,dd i sarmsimniaglne hd e tra laesna lt i tecrrairatyni dwc r itsehrhe,a s
madmey l imfoer mee aninagnfudhl a hse lpmeedt ou ndersatnadan pdp reci­
atteh iem mensbeelayu twiofurllo dfL atAimne riclaint erature.
Inc losIiw nogu,la dl so tlodi ekdei ctahtibeso oiknm emoritaomm y f riend
and" masetrtoh,el" a tPea ulRoe glNuesv eFsr eicroen,s cioefnL caet in
Ameriwchao,p assaewda ays I w asfi nishtihnibgso okIa. m g ratetfuohl i m
fosro m any thintgols i tsththe hamet r weo ulbdea ni mpossible undertaking.
Wew ilrle memberf ohhrii lmse garceyp resiennh tietsde achainndgw sr it­
ingfso,hr i cso nsttaenstt imoofdn eym ocrcaothiecr efnochrei ,us n compro­
misientgh iacnsud t optihainn kfionhrgi b,so undlleosvfseo trh pee opalned,,
abovaelf lo,tr e achuishn iges p istemooflc uorgiyo sity.
1
TheS ecret AdvenotfuO rredse rA:n Introduction
TheS tatPeo,w era,n dE ducation
"Thpee ercftioonfoi rndgbe erg incsho as.in"
-CarlosM onsivsaT,ih eR itsuo faC lhaos
Polittihcsest ,a te, edaulcclaa nbt eis oenei,nna c haosttiacTt hee.r ituoafl s
chaomsa yb eu ndersitnot ohdfie,g urantairvrea otfti hvMeee xiccahrno nicler
CarlMoosn sivaasai nsi ,n venotfti hoseno cioarld eJro.rL guei Bso rges (1996)
talkaebdo tuhtse e craedtv entoufor redseB ro.r gaensdM onsivtaoci istt,ew o
renownLeadtA imne ricaaunt hosrhso,twh asto metilmietse raatttuermtepo t s
undersrteaanldwi ittyh,ao luwta syusc ceeOdtihntegir.m elsi,t ewroarrwkyi, t h
thiem agintahrabyte comreesaw li thocuatno noirca anla lytpirceatle nsions,
suggestso fuw nadyesr statnhddeyi nnagm oifct sr ansformoafrt eiaoltnih tayt
socisacli endteisspttisht,ee ei ffro rmtest,h oadnsds, c holacrashnincpoa,tp ture
ini tmsu lftairidoiumse nsiTohnussI.h, a vceh ostehnse u ggespthriavsoeef
Borgaesst htei tolfte h iisn trodu"cTthiseoe nc.r et adovfeo nrtdueirrse" s
morteh aanm etaphoirs-a init n genisoymubso olf t hien trircealtaet ions
betwetehsnet aptoew,e arn,ed d ucaatnidio nnd eweidlb lea c entpraaroltft he
dilemmofac si tizeinnas m huilpt icultural society.
Buta rteh rei tuoafcl hsa oasp arotft hsee craedtv entoufrt ehsseo cial
ordeIrfs? o t,h seo cicaoln struocftt hieeod nu catrieoanlawilit tyih,tr si tuals,
itcsh aoasn,di tssy mobliocrd ewro,u lcdo nstaic teunttear sapleo cftt h ree pro­
ductiooftn h seo cioarld e(rM orraonwdT orre1s9,9 5T)h.ii ssi nevittaob le
sucahn e xtetnhta t inclupdrioncge tsthshaeaotsps pee taobr e c halleonfg ers
thseo cial reality,t hatrthu opstteuh rseepo rcaicatli,c eamsna dst yemrbioall­,
ico rdearn,dt hotsrea nsgrmeosvseimnegon ftt shs eo cioarldc eoru bledr ein­
corporiantc ehda,oi sn,td oe fenditnhrgee produocftt hiseoo nc ioarldi etrs elf.
The reproduocfst oicoina l satruttc htseuy rmebso lleivce lfo rcr aaltliso nalities
2 Democray,Ec ducatainoMdnu l,t iracluiltsum
coderso,u tiannedps r,a cttihcaaetrsd e e epelmyb eddiensd o cisatlr ugignl es,
thtee chnaincdba ulr eaucmraantaigce moefpn utb leidcu cataiswo enl,al si n
thfei guorfte h set aatnedt, h eayl pll aayp ivortoalilen sorceiparlo duction.
PerhBaoprsg epsh'rsa wsiet,th h rei clhry iciosfim tp sr oscea,p tuarp erso cess
thaitse m inenstolcyiT ahles. e craedtv entoufor redsei rni, tc so nstitauntdi on
transgrleisnstkihs oetn a,at need d ucatAinodtn h.ii sse xacwthlayht a ppeinns
three alomfe ducatdiiosncaolu prosleisca,in edps r,a ctaincdie ns dcalialsys ­
rooemx perieIntic ste hsi.ws a yb ecautshese t ate ap dleacyissr iovlieen
requipruibnlgai ncdp riveadtuec attioso entt h neo rms, lepgriosglraatme,,
financaen,de valueadtuec atmiaonnaagle mYeentdt,e. s ptihtieem portoafn ce
the steadtuec aftotirho enir,sew , i tfhe we xceptniooa nnsa,l ydtiisccauls sion
abotuhtle i nbkest wetehnse t aatnede ducatmiuocnlh,e sats e xtth aetx plores
thlei nbkest wetehne oroifte hsse t aatnede ducat1 Tihoinws.o rakt temtpot s
filtlh agta po,ff eriannag n alytshiaustn itaep so litical osfeo dcuicoaltoigoyn
witthh feo rmatoifco int izeannsddh eimpo cracy.
Thiissa booakb oupto litpihciallo saonpdeh dyu coant-ithiastt o s ay,
abotuhtse y mborleiacol fmp eopllei'vtseh se,ci org niatnidav ffee ctuinvdee r­
standoifrn agt ionaanludit toipeiasna tdsh ,e ir paegrocneipcot fhi oowtn o fi nd
thaep propwraiyafsto etr h "ep ursoufli itb earntdhy a ppinienms osr"e egali­
tariaanndd emocrsaotciice ties.
Byd efiintitohnii ssat heorebtoiocbkau,lit ct l ainmostt o b ea b ootkh aits
incomprehoerin nsaicbclees tsoti hnbeol nes pecTihailsi sbttor.oi nkeos t to be
jusatn otshteornn ees tientd h awta lrle presetnhtmeia nsogsf t heorectoinc­al
strutchtaostn lpyh ilosocpahnde ercsi pIhte r.s eteock lsa rainfayl ytically
somoef t hkee yd ilemomfao su tri mfeo r educpartaicotniatlti eoance,hr esr,s
andr esearcbhuiettra sl;ss oe etkosh elppa renatdsu,ly toust,ha ,n dc hildren
embeddienad l slo rotfse ducatmiiolniatelou u sn derstthaceno dn nections
between cidteimzoecnrsaahncidmyp u,,l ticulturalism.
Ik notwh aIdt o nh'atv teh aen swetrots h meu ltiotfuq duee st(itohneso ret­
icaaln dp racttihcatathl i)b so oakd dresIjs eussh.to pteh aIht a vseu cceeded
ini dentitfhymeio nsrgte levqaunets tiinovnosl ivnte hdte h eoreptriocballe m.
CitizensDheimpo,c racayn,d M ulticulturalism:
TheT heoretiPcraolb lem
Thet eosfta fi rst-irnatteel liistg heaenb cielt ioht oylt dw oo pposieddei ans
minadtt hsea mtei maen sdt rieltlta hiaenb iltioft uyni cotnOn.e s houflodr,
exampbleae b,lt eos eteh atth inargheso pelaensydse b te d etermtiomn aekde
theomt hweirse.
-F. ScoFtitt zge"rTahClerd a,-c Ukp"
ThSee cArdevte ensot fOu rrde3r
Theoroifce ist izeannstdhh iepoo rfid eesm ocrmaacrtykh aed veonfmt o dem
politsiciceaanlnc rdee fleicntt h,ec iorm epxlittihetesh ,e oreatnpidrc aacl tical
challeonfdg eemso criancc oyn tempsoorcairseyB.t o tihet heeosor fic itizen­
shiapn dt heoroifde esm ocraalcsuyon dertlhideei lemomfan se gotiating
2
poweirnd emocratiice ss.ociet
Theoroifce ist izerneslhtaiotep ev eprryo bloeftm h ree latbieotnwse en
citizaenndts h es taatneda moncgi tiztehnesm sewlhvieltseh, e oroife s
democrraeclyca lteea trotl hyce o nnecbteitownee esnt abdl-ihsihdedaennd
expl-ifocrimtosf s ociaandlp olitpiocwaetlrh, ie n tersbeecttwiesoeynns ­
temosfd emocrraetpirce seanntpdaa tritoinc iapnadt isoynos ftp eomlsi tical
admitnriastoirvgea nizoafpt uibolngi ocv ernanUclmeta.it etlhye,o ries of
democranceye tdoa ddrtehsoesv erianltle rabcettiwoednee nm ocraancdy
capiitsaml.
Finatlhleyo,or ifme usl ticultsuopr raelviaislnmte, hne etd ucatfiieolnda l
int hlea tswte nyteya hrasv,ee m ergaesadp articruelsapro nse tnoto hte only
constitouftt hiepo end agogsiucebacjiltn s chooorlt so t he interaction
betwetehpnee dagosguibcjaaelnc tdth peo litsiujcbeaciltnd emocrsaotciic­
etibeusat l saosa w ayt oi dentthiiefym oprtaonfcm eu ltiipdleen t(iatnide s
hencnear vraetsvi,o icaensda, g enicnye )d ucaatnicdou nl tIunrs eh.ot rhte,­
orioefms ulctuiltiusramar lien timcaotnenleyct tot ehdpe o liotfic cusl ture
anedd uca3t ion.
Thutsh,e oorfime usl ticluilsrtmeua ltrteaot hmea iann alyptuircpaoolfs e
theeosor fic itizeBnotshah titpe.tm oip dte ntthisefe yn asnesd o urocfie dse n­
tiatnytd h ceo mpetfoirnmgos f n atiorneagli,oe ntaihlnca,,n rde ligiidoeuns­
titYeytt. h eeosro ifm ultiucriuasllhmta vaed dretshsieem dp licoafct liaosns ,
race,g eanndfdeo rtr h ceo nusttiiootfin d entaintdi etsh oeft hrseot laietn ae
4
wayt habtya, n dl arge, matihnesotrorfice eiastm i zehnasvnheoi tpW. hile
these interconniedcetniatonincdts iy t biezteawnrenseeoh nati t ap l elv ident
int hsep eciabliibozlgeirda pthhyeh,ya vae pracgtriocuanldt ihnabgtr ings
theaml scol osteotr h eoroifde esm ocrTahciys.s obi esc autsheee osro if
democraarcceyo ncernneodto nly pwairtthi cirpeaptrieosne,na tnadt ion,
checaknsbd a nlcaeosfp owera lbswuoit t wha ytsop romostoelr iidbtaeyy ond
partiicnutlearorer ss ptesc fiorfimcso fi dentity.
Noto nldyot heoorfic eist izetnhsehoiorpfid, ee sm ocraanctdyh ,e oorfi es
multicultutrhaelsiiprse mc,si pfihicen or fei snu flencaen de mpirlioccail,
strtiodv ee finase e nosfie d en(tfoitrth yne o tioofan d emocrcaittiicz ean and
multicuplotluirtsaiulcb jaielnc ctl)u adliiltn sg contsroaudsribc,cue tatol rsyo
thesye etkod efinvei rgoosultyh lei maintpdso ssiboiffl oirmtosif se osc iabil­
ittyh awti lplro mottheae b iliinit nyd ivitdotu oallesar nadt ew toorgke ther
witphe opwlheoa rdei effrnetfr omt hemsseL.li vkeewtihsees,e tmhaeyo ries
enhanpcepeol 'es(o irn a m orree strfiocrmtuelda tciiotni',za) eb nislaintdy
4 Demoacycr,E ducatainoMdnu ,l ticluilstm ura
desitrope a rticiintp hapeto el itpircoacloe fsp sr omottihnpegu blgioco adn d
accountaFbiinlailttlhyye.,st eh eorwiielhsle lipn dividwuialllsi'n gtnoe ss
exercsieslef -reasntdpr earisnortne aslp onsiinbt ihleeiictroy n omdiecm ands
andi np ersocnhaoli tcehsaa tff ectthh ee alatnhdw ealotfhs ociaentdty h e
environamswe enltal st hper oceosfcs o mmunitfyo(rimeast)(i Koynm licka
anNdo rma1n9,9 145:2 -15T3h)ii.sss ob ecauassHe a,b erm(a1s9 9s2oa) p tly
has ar"gtuhieend s:t ituctoinosntsi touft ionaarolen lfrwyeo erdtaohsmm u ch
asa p opulamtaikoeonsf t hem("7 ).
TheT hesiAsd vanceidnt hiBso ok
"Euqaloifto yp ponrittcuyam ne a.n .an.e uq arli gthot fu lal hyu malni fofer
alwlh ow ielxle trhte mse.l..vo eran s e uqarli gthogt e itn ttohc eo mpetitive
racfoerm orfoer o neself."
-C.B .M acphseornT,heR eaWlor lodfD emoaccry
Thed ilemomfac si tizeinnasd heimpo crdaitviecmr,us let,i cuslotcuirceaatlny
beo utliantte hdbe,e ginnoifon ugar n alyassfi osl,l oTwhse:o roifce ist izen­
ship bheaevaned vancient dht,er adiotfWi eosnt eprno littihceaoblry yw ,h ite,
heterosmeaxluewashl oh avied entaih fioemdo geneous ctihtriozuaeg nhs hip
procoefss sy stemeaxtcilcu frsoimor,na thtehrai nn cluisnit,oh npe o liTthya.t
isw,o meni,d entisfioacbiglarelo u(pes. Jge.w,Gs y,p siweosr)k,i ng-pceloa­ss
plea,n dp eoprleep resesnpteicneigtfi hcn aincdr acigarlo upss-hionrp te,o ­
ploef c olor-iannddi vildaucaklcisen rgt aatitnr iobrus tkeis(l el.slg i.t,e racy
andn umerawceyr)ien p rinceixpclleu frdoemdt hdee finiotfic oint izeinns hip
sevesroacli eatnidhe esn c"efr om[ thied]e oafsi ndiviednutailt loenmt ehnet
onhea nd oafan tdt achtmoaep natr ticcoumlmaurn ointt yho et he(rK"y mlicka
andN orma1n9,9 43:5 2).
Theoroifde esm oaccryw,h ielffee ctiiniv dee ntitfhyseio nugr ocfed se mo­
craptoiwce pra,r ticiapnardte iporne,s enitnla etgiiotnip moaltietd iecmaolc ra­
tiscy stehmasdb, e eunn abtlope r evtehnsety stemeaxtcilcu osfil oanrs geeg ­
5
mentosf t hec itizeTnhruysf.,o rmdaelm ocrdaicffye drrsa stifcraolml y
substadnetmiovcer Maocrye.w orrisionmdee iesd the ftahceto rotifhe ast
democrhaacvbyee eunn abtlode i fferentthrieoa ototefrs e presednetmaotci­ve
rac(yb asoentd h neo tioofne sq uraelp resenetqautiiatonynde,, q ualfriotmy )
thfeo undatpiroinnaclit phlaaetrs t iccualpaittesa olciisetBt yid eesfi.n ition,
capitarleiqsumid rieffse rernetpiraels enitnpa otwieaornn pd o liatnidfc oss ters
inequity htiherroauragcnhhd ci oemsp etiinntge raensdit nse quatlhirtoyu gh
thweo rkionfga ps r ofit-sseyesktienmg .
Theoroifme usl ticulturaleiffsemc-tiwindhv iiesl ceu stshipeno gl iotfi cs