Deliberation, Representation, Equity: Research Approaches, Tools and Algorithms for Participatory Processes

18.1 MB·English

by  Love Ekenberg

Deliberati on
Deliberati on
Representati on
Representati on
Equity
Equity
Research Approaches, Tools and Algorithms for Parti cipatory Processes
Research Approaches, Tools and Algorithms for Parti cipatory Processes
Love Ekenberg, Karin Hansson, Mats Danielson, Göran Cars et al.
Love Ekenberg, Karin Hansson, Mats Danielson, Göran Cars et al.
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Deliberation
Representation
Equity
Research Approaches, Tools and Algorithms for Participatory Processes
Love Ekenberg, Karin Hansson, Mats Danielson, Göran Cars et al.
https://www.openbookpublishers.com
© 2017 Love Ekenberg, Karin Hansson, Mats Danielson, Göran Cars et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC
BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work for
non-commercial purposes, providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way
that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the
following information:
Love Ekenberg, Karin Hansson, Mats Danielson, Göran Cars et al., Deliberation, Representation,
Equity: Research Approaches, Tools and Algorithms for Participatory Processes. Cambridge, UK: Open
Book Publishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0108
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via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web
Updated digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://
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This book is a documentation of research funded by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS,
Strategic funds from the Swedish government within ICT – The Next Generation, and The
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error
will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher.
PHOTOS Åsa Andersson Broms, Love Ekenberg, Anna Hesselgren, Björn Larsson and Rebecca
Medici. Photographs not attributed to specified persons have been taken by Love Ekenberg.
COVER IMAGE Love Ekenberg
DESIGN Karin Hansson
ILLUSTRATIONS Gov2u
ISBN Paperback: 9781783743032
ISBN Hardback: 9781783743049
ISBN Digital (PDF): 9781783743056
ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 9781783743063
ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 9781783742974
DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0108
All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative), PEFC (Programme for
the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) and Forest Stewardship Council(r)(FSC(r) certified.
Printed in the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia by Lightning Source
for Open Book Publishers (Cambridge, UK)
Table of Contents
Contributors 1
Prologue 3
Introduction 9
CONCEPTUALISATION 17
1 Interdisciplinarity and Mixed Methods 21
2 The Concept of Democracy 33
3 Art as a Creative and Critical Public Space 47
4 Plural Democracy 73
ELICITATION 89
5 Criteria Weight Elicitation – A Comparative Study 95
6 Cardinal and Rank Ordering of Criteria with Clouds 113
7 Attitude Ranking 133
8 Evaluating ICT and Development 145
9 A Mobile Urban Drama as a Model for Interactive Elicitation 161
CALCULATION 179
10 Multi-Criteria Decision Making 185
11 Comparing MCDA Methods 201
12 Algorithms for Decision Analysis 219
APPLICATIONS 239
13 A Model for Flood Risk Management: Bac Hung Hai 245
14 A Model for Flood Risk Management: Tisza 257
15 Roşia Montană Gold Exploitation 267
16 Decision Making in Urban Planning 297
17 Actory: Visualising Reputational Power to Promote Deliberation 313
18 Njaru: Developing Tools for Deliberation in Multiple Public Spheres 335
19 Evaluation of an Online Learning Environment 347
20 A Low Carbon Society by 2050 – The Stockholm-Mälar Region Case 357
Epilogue 369
Publications 373

Contributors
Love Ekenberg is a senior research scholar at the International Institute for
Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg and full professor of Computer
and Systems Sciences at Stockholm University.
Karin Hansson is an artist and a postdoc in Computer and Systems Sciences at
Stockholm University.
Mats Danielson is vice president and full professor of Computer and Systems
Sciences at Stockholm University, and an affiliate researcher at the International
Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
Göran Cars is full professor of Societal Planning and Environment at the Royal
Institute of Technology in Stockholm.
Lars In de Betou is a media producer and a musician at Betou media AB and at
Stockholm University.
Joost Buurman is assistant director and senior research fellow, Institute of
Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University
of Singapore.
Manilla Ernst is a lecturer at the Centre for the Studies of Children’s Culture at
Stockholm University.
Tobias Fasth is a researcher at the Department of Computer and Systems
Sciences at Stockholm University.
Rebecca Forsberg is the artistic leader and director of the RATS Theatre in
Stockholm.
Johanna Gustafsson Fürst is an artist and senior lecturer at University College
of Arts, Crafts and Design in Stockholm.
Karin E. Hansson is assistant professor in Computer and Systems Sciences at
Stockholm University.
Petter Karlström is a senior lecturer and program coordinator in interaction
design at the Department of Computer and Systems Sciences at Stockholm
University.
Florence N. Kivunike is a lecturer in the Department of Information Technology,
School of Computing and Information Technology, College of Computing and
Information Sciences at Makerere University.
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Deliberation, Representation, Equity
Aron Larsson is associate professor in Computer and Systems Sciences at
Stockholm University and Mid-Sweden University.
Thomas Liljenberg is an artist in Stockholm.
Hans Liljenström is full professor at the Division of Biometry and Systems
Analysis, Department of Energy and Technology, at the Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and the director of Agora for Biosystems at the
Sigtuna Foundation.
Adina Marincea is a researcher at the Median Research Centre (MRC) in
Bucharest.
Adriana Mihai is a researcher at the Center of Excellence for the Study of
Cultural Identity (CESIC) at the University of Bucharest as well as an affiliated
researcher at Median Research Center.
Mona Riabacke is a consultant in risk and decision analysis at Riabacke & Co in
Stockholm.
Willmar Sauter is professor emeritus of theatre at Stockholm University.
Uno Svedin is visiting professor at the Department of Computer and Systems
Sciences at Stockholm University and senior researcher at the Stockholm
Resilience Centre (SRC).
Michael Thompson is senior research scholar at the International Institute
for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), fellow at the James Marin Institute for
Science and Civilization, University of Oxford, and senior researcher at the
Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Research, University of Bergen.
F.F. Tusubira is managing partner at Knowledge Consulting Ltd in Kampala. He
is also the founding former CEO of the UbuntuNet Alliance.
Harko Verhagen is senior lecturer and researcher at the Department of
Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University.
Måns Wrange is an artist, former vice-chancellor of the Royal Institute of Art
in Stockholm, and visiting professor of Computer and Systems Sciences at
Stockholm University.
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Prologue
Participation has become an important part of research and
design processes, not least in fields such as art, urban planning
and design. At the same time, there is an ever-growing demand
for fair participatory processes, supported by IT-based methods
such as voting systems, communication platforms, and various
crowd-sourcing techniques. However, the success of these has
been very variable. Loosely speaking, communications have been
tremendously successful in some domains, whereas tools for more
analytical support have failed to a significant extent.
The question arises whether this is to do with the specific
tools, or whether there are some hidden mechanisms that are
more dominant, for instance relating to the conceptualisations
involved. We might have ideas of democracy, fairness, and equity
that are inadequately represented in the tools available, making
them useless for anyone concerned with such notions. Concepts
like these are of course social constructs, and there are no final
and unifying ideas regarding what participation and deliberation
actually mean in relation to them – totally independent of whether
the methods involved are IT-supported or not. Nevertheless, the
tools must at least mimic the preconceptions, whatever they are.
Often there are underlying liberal notions of democracy and equity
involved somewhere, where an individual’s right to participate is
emphasised and assumed, but the idea that the same individual
should be provided with at least some reasonable means of doing
it on an equal basis is not necessarily present.
In these contexts, there is often a strong tendency to try to
reach, or even impose, consensus, ignoring the fact that unequal
power relations in a group of participants can actually be both
meaningful and motivating, and can enlighten the various
conditions, unspoken norms of community and the different
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