Delay Tolerant Networks: Protocols and Applications

363 Pages·2012·7.01 MB·\363

by  Athanasios V. Vasilakos (Editor), Yan Zhang (Editor), Thrasyvoulos Spyropoulos (Editor)

Delay Tolerant
Networks
Protocols and Applications
Edited by
Athanasios Vasilakos
Yan Zhang
Thrasyvoulos V. Spyropoulos
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CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20110831
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Contents
Preface v
List of Contributors ix
1 Delay Tolerant Networking 1
Maode Ma, Chao Lu, and Hui Li
2 DTN Routing: Taxonomy and Design 31
ThrasyvoulosV. Spyropoulos,RaoNaveed Bin Rais, ThierryTurletti,
Katia Obraczka, and Athanasios Vasilakos
3 Energy-AwareRoutingProtocolforDelayTolerantNetworks 69
Seung-Keun Yoon and Zygmunt J. Haas
4 A Routing-Compatible Credit-Based Incentive Scheme
for DTNs 101
Haojin Zhu, Xiaodong Lin, Rongxing Lu, Yanfei Fan, and Xuemin
(Sherman) Shen
5 R-P2P: a Data-Centric Middleware for Delay Tolerant
Applications 127
CorradoMoiso, Antonio Manzalini, Francesco De Pellegrini,
Iacopo Carreras,Daniele Miorandi, and Athanasios Vasilakos
6 Mobile Peer-to-Peer Systems over Delay Tolerant Networks159
Angela Sara Cacciapuoti, Marcello Caleffi, and Luigi Paura
7 Delay Tolerant Monitoring of Mobility-Assisted WSN 189
Abdelmajid Khelil, Faisal Karim Shaikh, Azad Ali, Neeraj Suri,
and Christian Reinl
8 Message Dissemination in Vehicular Networks 223
Shabbir Ahmed and Salil S. Kanhere
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iv Contents
9 Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) Protocols for Space
Communications 261
Ruhai Wang, Xuan Wu, Tiaotiao Wang, and Tarik Taleb
10 DTN and Satellite Communications 283
Carlo Caini and Rosario Firrincieli
Index 319
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Preface
The standardizationof the IP protocoland its mappinginto network-specific
link-layer data frames at each router as required supports interoperability
usingapacket-switchedmodelofservice.Althoughoftennotexplicitlystated,
a number of key assumptions are made regarding the overall performance
characteristics of the underlying links in order to achieve smooth operation:
• an end-to-end path exists between a data source and its peers,
• themaximumround-triptimebetweenanynodepairsinthenetworkis
not excessive, and
• the end-to-end packet drop probability is small.
Unfortunately, a classof Delay TolerantNetworks(DTN), which may violate
one or more of the assumptions, is becoming important and may not be well
served by the current end-to-end TCP/IP model.
DTN ariseprimarilyasaresultofvariousformsofhostandroutermobil-
ity, but may also come into being as a result of disconnection due to power
management or interference. Examples of such networks include:
• Terrestrial Mobile Networks: In many cases, these networks may
become unexpectedly partitioned due to node mobility or RF interference.
In other cases, the network may never have an end-to-end path and may be
expected to be partitioned in a periodic and predictable manner. For exam-
ple, imagine a commuter bus acting as a store and forward message switch
with only limited RF communication capability. As it travels from place to
place, it provides a form of message switching service to its nearby clients to
communicate with distant parties it will visit in the future.
•Exotic Media Networks:Exoticcommunicationmediaincludesnear-
Earthsatellitecommunications,verylong-distanceradiolinks(e.g.,deepspace
RFcommunicationswithlightpropagationdelaysinthesecondsorminutes),
communicationusingacousticmodulationinairorwater,andsomefree-space
opticalcommunications.Thesesystemsmaybesubjecttohighlatencieswith
predictable interruption (e.g., due to planetary dynamics or the passing of
a scheduled ship), may suffer outage due to environmental conditions (e.g.,
weather), or may provide a predictably available store-and-forward network
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vi Preface
service that is only occasionally available (e.g., low-earth orbiting satellites
that “pass by” one or more times each day).
•Ad-Hoc Networks:Thesesystemsmaybeexpectedtooperateinhos-
tile environments where mobile nodes, environmental factors, or intentional
jamming may be cause for disconnection. In addition, data traffic on these
networks may have to compete for bandwidth with other services at higher
priority. As an example, data traffic may have to unexpectedly wait several
secondsormorewhile high-priorityvoicetrafficiscarriedonthesameunder-
lying links. Such systems also may also have especially strong infrastructure
protection requirements.
• Sensor Networks: These networksare frequently characterizedby ex-
tremely limited end-node power, memory, and CPU capability. In addition,
they are envisioned to exist at tremendous scale, with possibly thousands or
millions ofnodes pernetwork.Communicationwithin thesenetworksis often
scheduled to conserve power, and sets of nodes are frequently named (or ad-
dressed)onlyinaggregate.Theyareofteninterfacedtoothernetworksbyway
of one or more “proxy” nodes that provide protocol translation capabilities.
Given the large accumulated experience and number of systems compatible
with the TCP/IPprotocols,it is natural to applythe highly successful Inter-
net architectural concepts to these new or unusual types of networks. While
such an application is conceivable, the effects of very significant link delay,
non-existence of end-to-end routing paths, and lack of continuous power or
large memory at end nodes present substantial operational and performance
challenges to such an approach.
In an effort to adapt the Internet to unusual environments, one class of
approachesattempts to engineer problem links to appearmore similar to the
types of links for which TCP/IP was designed. In effect, these approaches,
which we term “link repair approaches,” “fool” the Internet protocols into
believing they are operating over a comparatively well-performing physical
infrastructure. They strive to maintain the end-to-end reliability and fate
sharing model of the Internet, and generally require the use of IP in all par-
ticipating routers and end nodes.
Another common approach to deal with challenged networks is to attach
them to the edge of the Internet only by means of a special proxy agent.
This provides access to and from challenged networks from the Internet,
but does not provide a general way to use such networks for data transit.
Without supportingtransit, the full capabilitiesof these networkswill goun-
derutilized. Indeed, supporting transit is often of particular interest because
remotely-deployedconventionalnetworks(e.g., Intranets) mayonly be acces-
sible through challenged intermediate networks.
The bookis written for abroadaudience ofresearchersand practitioners.
Thebookcouldbeausefulreferencematerialforgraduatestudentsandsenior
undergraduate students in courses of networking, wireless, and mobile com-
munications. Furthermore, because the book is targeted towards the latest
developments in the aforementioned domains, as well as towards the visions
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Preface vii
for our middle- and long-term future, it is expected to be useful also to se-
niorresearchersandtechnologyanalystswho wantaglimpseon the future of
networking.
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List of Contributors
Shabbir Ahmed Iacopo Carreras
School of Computer Science and CREATE-NET
Engineering Trento, Italy
The University of New South Wales
Sydney, Australia
Francesco De Pellegrini
Azad Ali
CREATE-NET
Dependable Embedded Systems and
Trento, Italy
Software Group
Darmstadt University of Technology
Darmstadt, Germany
Yanfei Fan
University of Waterloo
Angela Sara Cacciapuoti
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biomedical,
Electronics, and
Telecommunications Engineering
Rosario Firrincieli
(DIBET)
Department of Electronics,
University of Naples Federico II
Computer Science, and Systems
Naples, Italy
University of Bologna
Bologna, Italy
Carlo Caini
Department of Electronics Computer
Zygmunt Haas
Science and Systems
University of Bologna The School of Electrical and
Bologna, Italy Computer Engineering
Cornell University
Marcello Caleffi Ithaca, New York
Department of Biomedical,
Electronics, and Salil S. Kanhere
Telecommunications Engineering School of Computer Science and
(DIBET) Engineering
University of Naples Federico II The University of New South Wales
Naples, Italy Sydney, Australia
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