Defense against Kamikaze Attacks in World War 2 and Its Relevance to Anti-Ship Missile Defense

114 Pages·2017·4.85 MB·English

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20350 IN REPLY RErFI? 10
OpO3EG/njs
Ser 137P03EG
22 MAR 1971
From: Chief of Naval Operations
To: Distribution List
Subj: Operations Evaluation Group Study 741; forwarding of
Encl: (1) OEG Study 741, entitled "Defense Against Kamikaze
Attacks in World War II and its Relevance to
Anti-Ship Missile Defense," Volume I: "An
Analytical History of Kamkiaze Attacks against
Ships of the United States Navy during
World War II"
1. Enclosure (1), prepared by the Operations Evaluation
Group of the Center for Naval Analyses is provided for
information and retention.
2. This volume describes the Navy's attempts to counter
the kamikaze threat during World War II, and develops
estimates of the effectiveness of both the kamikaze and
the Navy's effort to counter it.
3. The enclosure has been approved for public release.
P. A. BESHANY
By direction
Di stribut ion:
Attached List
/"! ) LCJ. . ' ... --
I! .L . . . . '
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Ser 137P03EG
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CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES
Operations Evaluation Group
Study 741
DEFENSE AGAINST KAMIKAZE ATTACKS IN
WORLD WAR II AND ITS RELEVANCE TO ANTI-SHIP MISSILE DEFENSE
VOLUME I
AN ANALYTICAL HISTORY OF
KAMIKAZE ATTACKS AGAINST SHIPS OF
THE UNITED STATES NAVY DURING WORLD WAR II
November 1970
Nicolai Timenes, Jr.
The work reported here was conducted under the direction of
the Center for Naval Analyses, and represents the opinion of
the Center for Naval Analyses at the time of issue. It does not
necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the
Navy except to the extent indicated in the forwarding letter.
Work conducted under contract N00014-68-A--0091
Enclosure (1) to CNO /tr Ser 137P03EG dated 22 March 1971
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE;
DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.
ABSTRACT
This study examines the experience of the United States Navy in countering
attacks by Japanese suicide aircraft (kamikazes) in World War I, and provides
an analytical history of the kamikaze program and develops estimates of the ef-
fectivenesa of the kamikaze and of efforts to counter it.
This study begins with a history of the early encounters between Japanese
and American carrier aircraft and shows how the, patterns of aircraft losses by
both sides changed during the war. The effect on Japan of losing aircraft,
pilots, aircraft carriers, and other resources is discussed as a background to
h the decision to employ the kamikaze tactic. A brief chapter addresses the phil-
osophical environment which made the kamikaze tactic acceptable. Then the
history of the employment of the kamikaze is discussed in terms of 2 major
campaigns--the Philippines and Okinawa. In the discussion of the Okinawa
campaign, where the majority of kamikazes were expended, the tactics used by
the American Navy in defense are described.
Finally, statistics on results in the Philippine and Okinawan campaigns are
used to establish estimates of the effectiveness of defense at various stages --
attack at the source, defense by interceptors, defense by anti-aircraft guns,
and the like. These estimates are used to provide a crude model of overall
effectiveness.
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(REVERSE BLANK)
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Chapter I -Early Japanese successes, Pearl Harbor to Ceylon ............... I
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Pearl Harbor . .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... ... . . .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. 5
Ceylon and the British withdrawal ................................ 5
Chapter II -Stemming the tide: Coral Sea and Midway ..................... 9
Coral Sea ............................................... 9
Midway ................................................. 10
Chapter III - Licking wounds, 1943 ................................. 13
Chapter IV -How many can you lose? ............................... 15
Chapter V -The battle of resources ................................. 21
Aircraft . ................................... . . . . 21
Aircraft production ..................................... 21
Aircraft inventory ...................................... 24
Distribution of aircraft by type ............................. 26
Pilot training ............................................. 27
Aircraft carriers .......................................... 27
Other shipbuilding ......................................... 29
Oil ................................................... 29
Chapter VI- The fast carrier strikes and the
Marianas Turkey Shoot ........................................ 35
Chapter VII -Admiral Ohnishi and the first kamikazes .................... 39
Introduction ............................................ 39
Early stages of the kamikaze and baka programs .................... .. 39
Chapter VIII - The suicide spirit ................................... 43
Chapter IX -The Philippines: enter the kamikaze ........................ 45
Introduction ............................................ 45
Leyte ................................................. 45
Kamikaze: airframe, pilots and tactics ............................. 46
Chapter X -Okinawa I: Prelude and hi~ttle ............................. 49
Introduction ............................................ 49
From Leyte to Okinawa ..................................... 49
Prelude to Okinawa ......................................... 50
Floating Chrysanthemum ..................................... 50
Willow and White Chrysanthemum ............................... 54
Summary of results at Okinawa ................................. 54
An American attack ........................................ 55
The British contribution ...................................... 55
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Chapter XI - Okinawa 11: Tibe baka................................. 57
Chapter XII - Okinawa III: Defensive tactics........................... 61
Attacks at the source....................................... 61
Defense............................................... 61
Warning, detection, and identification .. .. .................... 62
Air Intercept......................................... 65
Radar and guns at force center .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... 66
Chapter XIII - A review of effectiveness .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 69
Defense effectiveness .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... 69
Detection .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 69
Air intercept .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . 70
Anti-aircraft gunnery. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ... 74
Tactics: offensive and defensive. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... 77
Terminal effectiveness. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .77
Overall effectiveness. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ... 80
Chapter XIV - Endprne and prospectus. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... 81
Chapter XV -The price .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... 83
Notes .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... 89
Appendix A - Japanese aircraft carriers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. A-1
Appendix B - Glossary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .... B-I
Appendix C - Sources .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... C-i
-iv-
Tqhuefai clclkihn beglro rsys om,
Thlivabetaud s taa dxyni weddist eh us ntifnuylf illed,
Isthb ersa piritv oSef aymouurtahi,
Aiwreaahyfdisrsyey ,so shut rnegn gth
Tooft fohel iros r d.
Ancient Japanese Poem.
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lvV
PREFAcE
This volume is different from the usual OEG study, which deserves some
explanation. It lies in the genesis of the study.
The U.S. Navy today is very much concerned with the problem of countering
anti-ship missiles, such as the ones that sank an Israeli destroyer off the
Egyptian coast in October, 1967. It had occurred to some that a missile with an
electronic brain intent on crashing into a ship might behave not unlike an aircraft
piloted by a human being with the same purpose; that the experience of the U. S.
Navy in countering the Japanese kamikaze attacks toward the end of World War U
might provide some insight into the current problem. In response to this aug-
gestion, the Operations Evaluation Group of the Center for Naval Analyses under-
took an analysis of the question.
A preliminary examination of the available analyses of the kamikaze experi-
ence made it clear that additional work would be required to cast that experience
in terms compatible with modern systems analysis. As the investigation pro-
gressed, 2 further points became apparent: (1) that a proper comparison with
the current situation would have to make use of classified data on capabilities of
modern systems, and (2) that examination of the effectiveness of the kamikaze
would yield an analytical history which, if unclassified, could have a wider
readership.
Thus the present study has 2 volumes. This volume, an unclassified ana-
lytical history, is more historical than most analyses, and more analytical than
most histories. It is organized in rough chronological order to show how the
Japanese moved from early successes through restrictions on a variety of re-
sources and adoption of the kamikaze tactic to final defeat. How the kamikaze
tactic was employed, and how it was defeated, are discussed. Throughout there
is an attempt to derive numerical values for effectiveness. The final chapter is
devoted to an attempt to combine these numbers to estimate overall effectiveness.
Inasmuch as the Japanese Navy justifiably regarded itself as the pioneer of
kamikaze attacks, and since the role of the Japanese Naval Air Arm is,i n general,
better documented thaa that of the Army, the focus in this study is on Japanese
Naval Air activities. It should be recognized, however, that approximately half
of all kamikaze attacks were condJucted by Japanese Army Air Forces.
In large measure, the naxcratives and data in the present volume are based on
Samuel Eliot Morison's History of United States Naval Operations in World War II.
Other substantial sourcesoTti-w-e-r-e thw Bucations o tiwe a TE-i OR-=
tegic Bombing Survey. Notes providing specific citations of these and other docu-
ments are gathered at the end of the text so that they need not interrupt the casual
reader. The sources used in the study are discussed further in appendix C.
An attempt has been made to define terms as they are introduced, and a
brief glossary appears as appendix B.
-Via
II